Ibyuma bitagira umwanda birashobora kuboneka ahantu hose mubuzima, kandi hariho ubwoko bwubwoko bwose bwubusa bwo gutandukanya.Uyu munsi kugirango dusangire nawe ingingo yo gusobanura ingingo zubumenyi hano.
Ibyuma bitagira umwanda ni impfunyapfunyo y’ibyuma birwanya aside, umwuka, umwuka, amazi nibindi bitangazamakuru byangirika cyangwa ibyuma bitagira umwanda bizwi nkicyuma kitagira umwanda;kandi izarwanya imiti yangiza imiti (acide, alkalis, umunyu, nibindi byangiza imiti) kwangirika kwicyuma bita ibyuma birwanya aside.
Ibyuma bitagira umwanda bivuga umwuka, umwuka, amazi nibindi bitangazamakuru byangirika byangiza na acide, alkalis, umunyu nibindi bikoresho byangiza imiti byangiza ibyuma, bizwi kandi nkibyuma birwanya aside.Mubikorwa, akenshi intege nke zibitangazamakuru byangirika kwangirika kwangirika kwitwa ibyuma bitagira umwanda, hamwe nibitangazamakuru byimiti byangiza ruswa byitwa aside irwanya aside.Kubera itandukaniro ryimiterere yimiti yombi, iyambere ntabwo byanze bikunze irwanya imiti yangiza imiti, mugihe iyanyuma idafite umwanda.Kurwanya kwangirika kwicyuma kitagira ingese biterwa nibintu bivanga bikubiye mubyuma.
Ibyiciro rusange
Ishirahamwe ryitwa metallurgical
Muri rusange, ukurikije ishyirahamwe ryitwa metallurgical, ibyuma bisanzwe bitagira umuyonga bigabanyijemo ibyiciro bitatu: ibyuma bya austenitike bitagira umuyonga, ibyuma bya ferritic bitagira ibyuma na martensitike idafite ibyuma.Hishimikijwe ishyirahamwe ryibanze ryibyuma byibyiciro bitatu, ibyuma bya duplex, imvura ikomera ibyuma bitagira umwanda hamwe nicyuma kinini kivanze kirimo ibyuma bitageze kuri 50% biva mubyifuzo byihariye.
1. Ibyuma bya Austenitike
Matrisa yo guhura na cubic kristal ya stratifike yumuryango wa austenitis (CY icyiciro) yiganjemo itari magnetique, cyane cyane binyuze mubikorwa bikonje kugirango ikomeze (kandi ishobora kuganisha kurwego runaka rwa magnetisme) yicyuma.Ikigo cyabanyamerika cyuma nicyuma kugeza kuri 200 na 300 byuruhererekane rwumubare, nka 304.
2. Ibyuma bidafite ingese
Matrix kumubiri ushingiye kumubiri wububiko bwa ferrite yumuteguro wa ferrite (icyiciro) iriganje, magnetique, mubisanzwe ntishobora gukomera no kuvura ubushyuhe, ariko gukora imbeho birashobora gutuma byongerwaho gato ibyuma bitagira umwanda.Ikigo cy'Abanyamerika Cyuma n'Icyuma kugeza 430 na 446 kuri label.
3. Icyuma cya Martensitis
Matrix ni organisiti ya martensitike (ishingiye ku mubiri cyangwa kubic), magnetiki, binyuze mu kuvura ubushyuhe irashobora guhindura imiterere yubukorikori bwibyuma.Ikigo cy'Abanyamerika Cyuma n'Icyuma kugeza ku mibare 410, 420, na 440.Martensite ifite ishyirahamwe rya austenitis mubushyuhe bwinshi, rishobora guhinduka martensite (ni ukuvuga gukomera) iyo ikonje kugeza ubushyuhe bwicyumba ku kigero gikwiye.
4. Austenitike ferrite (duplex) ubwoko bwicyuma
Matrix ifite ishyirahamwe rya austenitike na ferrite ibyiciro bibiri, muribyo bikubiye muri matrise mato mato muri rusange birenze 15%, magnetique, birashobora gushimangirwa no gukora ubukonje bwibyuma bitagira umwanda, 329 nicyuma gisanzwe cya duplex.Ugereranije nicyuma cya austenitike kitagira ibyuma, ibyuma bya duplex imbaraga nyinshi, kurwanya ruswa yangirika hagati ya chloride hamwe no kwangirika kwa chloride hamwe no kubora byateye imbere cyane.
5. Imvura ikomera ibyuma bidafite ingese
Matrix ni ishyirahamwe rya austenitike cyangwa martensitike, kandi rishobora gukomera bitewe n’imvura igabanya ubukana kugira ngo ikomere ibyuma bitagira umwanda.Ikigo cy'Abanyamerika Cyuma n'Icyuma kugeza kuri 600 y'ibirango bya digitale, nka 630, ni ukuvuga 17-4PH.
Muri rusange, usibye ibinyomoro, birwanya ruswa yo kwangirika kwicyuma cya austenitike ntigishobora kwangirika, mubidukikije bidashobora kwangirika, urashobora gukoresha ibyuma bitagira umwanda ferritic, mubidukikije byangirika byoroheje, niba ibikoresho bisabwa kugira imbaraga nyinshi cyangwa gukomera cyane, wowe Irashobora gukoresha ibyuma bya martensitike idafite ibyuma hamwe nimvura ikomera ibyuma bitagira umwanda.
Ibiranga no gukoresha
Inzira y'ubuso
Gutandukanya umubyimba
1. Kuberako imashini zicyuma mugikorwa cyo kuzunguruka, imizingo ishyutswe no guhindagurika gake, bikavamo kuzunguruka uburebure bwa plaque, mubisanzwe mubyimbye hagati yimpande zombi zinanutse.Mugupima ubunini bwamabwiriza ya plaque bigomba gupimwa hagati yumutwe wisahani.
2. Impamvu yo kwihanganira ishingiye ku isoko no ku bakiriya, muri rusange igabanijwemo kwihanganira binini kandi bito.
V. Gukora, ibisabwa byo kugenzura
1. Isahani
① gutondekanya igituba cya plate ihuza ingingo ya 100% yo kugenzura imirasire cyangwa UT, urwego rwujuje ibyangombwa: RT: Ⅱ UT: Ⅰ urwego;
Usibye ibyuma bitagira umwanda, ucometse ku miyoboro ya plaque ihangayikishijwe no kuvura ubushyuhe;
③ Umuyoboro wa plaque umwobo wubugari gutandukana: ukurikije formula yo kubara ubugari bwikiraro: B = (S - d) - D1
Ubugari ntarengwa bw'ikiraro: B = 1/2 (S - d) + C;
2. Gutunganya ubushyuhe bwa Tube:
Ibyuma bya karubone, ibyuma bisobekeranye byasuditswe hamwe bigabanijwemo igice cyagabanijwe kumasanduku, kimwe nagasanduku k'umuyoboro wafunguye impande zirenga 1/3 cya diametre y'imbere y'agasanduku ka silinderi, mugukoresha gusudira kugirango uhangayike gutabara ubushyuhe, flange hamwe no gufunga ibice bigomba gutunganywa nyuma yo kuvura ubushyuhe.
3. Ikizamini cy'ingutu
Iyo igikonoshwa cyibishushanyo mbonera kiri munsi yumuvuduko wigituba, kugirango ugenzure ubwiza bwimyanya ihinduranya ubushyuhe hamwe na plaque ihuza
Shell progaramu ya progaramu kugirango yongere umuvuduko wikizamini hamwe na progaramu ya pipe ijyanye nikizamini cya hydraulic, kugirango urebe niba imyanda iva mu miyoboro..
② Iyo uburyo bwavuzwe haruguru budakwiriye, igikonoshwa kirashobora kuba hydrostatike ikurikije umuvuduko wambere nyuma yo gutsinda, hanyuma igikonoshwa cyo gupima amoniya cyangwa ikizamini cya halogen.
Ni ubuhe bwoko bw'icyuma butagira ingese butoroshye kubora?
Hariho ibintu bitatu byingenzi bigira ingaruka kumyuma yicyuma:
1.Ibigize ibintu bivangavanze.Muri rusange, ibiri muri chromium muri 10.5% ibyuma ntabwo byoroshye kubora.Kurwego rwo hejuru rwa chromium na nikel ruswa irwanya ruswa ni byiza, nkibintu 304 bya nikel yibikoresho bya 85 ~ 10%, chromium ya 18% ~ 20%, ibyuma bitagira umwanda muri rusange ntabwo ari ingese.
2. Uburyo bwo gushongesha uruganda bizanagira ingaruka kuburwanya bwangirika bwibyuma.Ikoranabuhanga rya elegitoronike ni ryiza, ibikoresho bigezweho, tekinoroji igezweho, uruganda runini rutagira ibyuma haba mugucunga ibintu bivangavanze, kuvanaho umwanda, kugenzura ubukonje bwa bilet birashobora kwemezwa, bityo ubwiza bwibicuruzwa burahamye kandi bwizewe, ubwiza bwimbere, ntabwo byoroshye ingese.Ibinyuranye nibyo, ibikoresho bito bito byinganda zicyuma zisubira inyuma, tekinoroji isubira inyuma, uburyo bwo gushonga, umwanda ntushobora kuvaho, umusaruro wibicuruzwa byanze bikunze uzaba ingese.
3. Ibidukikije byo hanze.Ibidukikije byumye kandi bihumeka ntabwo byoroshye kubora, mugihe ubuhehere bwikirere, ikirere cyimvura ikomeza, cyangwa umwuka urimo aside hamwe nubunyobwa bwibidukikije byoroshye kubora.304 ibikoresho bidafite ingese, niba ibidukikije bidukikije bikennye cyane nabyo.
Ibyuma bidafite ingese byerekana uburyo bwo kubyitwaramo bite?
1.Uburyo bwa chimique
Hamwe na paste cyangwa spray kugirango ifashe ibice byayo byangiritse kugirango isubiremo ishingwa rya firime ya chromium oxyde kugirango igarure ruswa, nyuma yo gutoragura, kugirango ikureho imyanda yose hamwe nibisigazwa bya aside, ni ngombwa cyane koza neza amazi. .Nyuma yuko byose bimaze gutunganywa no kongera gusukwa hamwe nibikoresho byo gusya, birashobora gufungwa nibishashara.Ahantu hafite ingese ntoya irashobora kandi gukoreshwa 1: 1 lisansi, kuvanga amavuta hamwe nigitambara gisukuye kugirango uhanagure ingese zirashobora.
2. Uburyo bwa mashini
Isuku yumusenyi, gusukura ibirahuri cyangwa ceramic ibice biturika, kuzimangana, gukaraba no gusya.Uburyo bwa mashini bufite ubushobozi bwo guhanagura umwanda uterwa nibikoresho byakuweho mbere, ibikoresho byoza cyangwa ibikoresho byahanaguwe.Ubwoko bwose bwanduye, cyane cyane ibyuma byo mumahanga, birashobora kuba intandaro yo kwangirika, cyane cyane mubidukikije.Kubwibyo, isuku yimashini igomba guhanagurwa muburyo bwumutse.Gukoresha uburyo bwubukanishi bwoza gusa ubuso bwabwo kandi ntabwo bihindura kurwanya ruswa yibikoresho ubwabyo.Kubwibyo, birasabwa kongera gusya hejuru hamwe nibikoresho byo gusya no kuyifunga ibishashara nyuma yo koza imashini.
Igikoresho gikunze gukoreshwa ibyuma bitagira ibyuma hamwe nimiterere
1.304 ibyuma.Nibimwe mubyuma bya austenitike bidafite ibyuma byinshi kandi bigakoreshwa cyane, bikwiranye no gukora ibice byashushanyije byimbitse hamwe numuyoboro wa aside, kontineri, ibice byubatswe, ubwoko butandukanye bwibikoresho, nibindi birashobora kandi gukora bitari magnetique, hasi- ibikoresho by'ubushyuhe n'ibice.
2.304L ibyuma bitagira umwanda.Mu rwego rwo gukemura imvura ya Cr23C6 yatewe nicyuma 304 kitagira ingese mubihe bimwe na bimwe usanga hari imyumvire ikomeye yo kwangirika kw’imitsi no guteza imbere ibyuma bya ultra-low carbone austenitic ibyuma bitagira umuyonga, imiterere yabyo yo kurwanya ruswa irwanya imiyoboro iruta 304 ibyuma bitagira umwanda.Usibye imbaraga zo hasi gato, indi mitungo ifite ibyuma 321 bitagira umwanda, cyane cyane bikoreshwa mubikoresho birwanya ruswa hamwe nibigize ntibishobora gusudira kuvura igisubizo, birashobora gukoreshwa mugukora ubwoko butandukanye bwibikoresho byumubiri.
3.304H ibyuma bitagira umwanda.304 ishami ryimbere ryicyuma imbere, igice cya karubone igice cya 0.04% ~ 0,10%, imikorere yubushyuhe bwo hejuru iruta 304 ibyuma bitagira umwanda.
4.316 ibyuma.Muri 10Cr18Ni12 ibyuma bishingiye ku kongeramo molybdenum, kugirango ibyuma bigire imbaraga zo kugabanya itangazamakuru no kurwanya ruswa.Mu mazi yo mu nyanja no mu bindi bitangazamakuru, kurwanya ruswa biruta ibyuma 304 bitagira umwanda, bikoreshwa cyane mu gutera ibikoresho birwanya ruswa.
5.316L ibyuma bitagira umwanda.Ibyuma bya karuboni ntoya cyane, hamwe no kurwanya neza kwangirika kwangirika kwangirika, bikwiranye no gukora ubunini bwambukiranya ibice byangiritse hamwe nibikoresho, nkibikoresho bya peteroli mubikoresho birwanya ruswa.
6.316H ibyuma bitagira umwanda.ishami ryimbere ryibyuma 316 bitagira umwanda, igice cya karuboni igice cya 0,04% -0,10%, imikorere yubushyuhe bwo hejuru iruta 316 ibyuma.
7.317 ibyuma.Kurwanya ruswa no kurwanya kunyerera biruta 316L ibyuma bitagira umwanda, bikoreshwa mugukora ibikoresho bya peteroli na chimique aside irwanya ruswa.
8.321 ibyuma bidafite ingese.Titanium yahinduye ibyuma bya austenitike idafite ibyuma, yongeraho titanium kugirango irusheho kurwanya ruswa, kandi ifite imiterere yubushyuhe bwo hejuru, irashobora gusimburwa na ultra-low carbone austenitis ibyuma bitagira umuyonga.Usibye ubushyuhe bwinshi cyangwa hydrogène irwanya ruswa nibindi bihe bidasanzwe, ibintu rusange ntibisabwa.
9.347 ibyuma.Niobium itunganijwe neza ya austenitis ibyuma bitagira umuyonga, niobium yongeweho kugirango irusheho kunanirwa kwangirika kwangirika kwangirika, kurwanya ruswa muri aside, alkali, umunyu nibindi bitangazamakuru byangirika hamwe nicyuma 321 kitagira ingese, imikorere myiza yo gusudira, irashobora gukoreshwa nkibikoresho birwanya ruswa hamwe nicyuma kitarwanya ubushyuhe ikoreshwa cyane cyane mumashanyarazi yumuriro, imirima ya peteroli, nkumusaruro wibikoresho, imiyoboro, guhanahana ubushyuhe, shaft, itanura ryinganda mumatanura yumuriro hamwe na trometero yumuriro nibindi.
10.904L ibyuma bitagira umwanda.Ibyuma byuzuye bya austenitis bitagira umuyonga, ibyuma bya super austenitis bitagira ibyuma byavumbuwe na Finlande Otto Kemp, igice cyacyo cya nikel kingana na 24% kugeza 26%, agace ka karuboni kari munsi ya 0.02%, kurwanya ruswa nziza, muri acide idafite okiside nka sulfurike , acide, formic na fosifori aside ifite imbaraga zo kurwanya ruswa, kandi mugihe kimwe, irwanya neza kwangirika kwangirika no kurwanya ibintu byangirika.Irakwiranye nubushakashatsi butandukanye bwa acide sulfurike iri munsi ya 70 ℃, kandi ifite imbaraga zo kurwanya ruswa ya acide na acide ivanze ya acide formic na acide acike yibitekerezo byose hamwe nubushyuhe ubwo aribwo bwose.Umwimerere usanzwe ASMESB-625 ubyitirira nikel-ishingiye kuri nikel, naho ibishya bishya bikayitirira ibyuma bitagira umwanda.Ubushinwa bugereranije icyiciro cya 015Cr19Ni26Mo5Cu2, ibyuma bike byabanyaburayi bakora ibikoresho byingenzi bakoresheje ibyuma bitagira umwanda 904L, nkumuyoboro wa E + H wapimye umuyoboro wogukoresha ni 904L ibyuma bitagira umwanda, ikibazo cya Rolex nacyo gikoreshwa 904L ibyuma bitagira umwanda.
11.440C ibyuma bitagira umwanda.Martensitike idafite ibyuma, ibyuma bidafite ingese, ibyuma bidafite ingese mubikomeye cyane, ubukana HRC57.Ahanini ikoreshwa mugukora nozzles, ibyuma, indangagaciro, ibizunguruka, intebe za valve, amaboko, ibiti bya valve, nibindi ..
12.17-4PH ibyuma bitagira umwanda.Imvura ya Martensitike ikomera ibyuma bitagira umwanda, ubukana HRC44, hamwe nimbaraga nyinshi, ubukana no kurwanya ruswa, ntibishobora gukoreshwa kubushyuhe burenze 300 ℃.Ifite ruswa nziza irwanya ikirere cyangwa imyunyu ngugu ya acide cyangwa umunyu, kandi kurwanya kwangirika kwayo ni nkibya 304 ibyuma bitagira umwanda hamwe n’ibyuma 430 bidafite ingese, bikoreshwa mu gukora ibibuga byo hanze, ibyuma bya turbine, ibiceri, intebe, amaboko. n'ibiti bya valve.
Mu mwuga wibikoresho, ufatanije nubusanzwe nibibazo byigiciro, gahunda isanzwe yo gutoranya ibyuma bya austenitis ni 304-304L-316-316L-317-321-347-904L ibyuma bitagira umwanda, muri byo 317 ntibikoreshwa cyane, 321 ntabwo aribyo bisabwe, 347 ikoreshwa mubushyuhe bwo hejuru cyane, 904L nigikoresho gisanzwe cyibintu bimwe na bimwe bigize uruganda rwihariye, igishushanyo ntikizafata iyambere muguhitamo 904L.
Mu gutoranya ibishushanyo mbonera, mubisanzwe hazaba ibikoresho by ibikoresho nibikoresho byumuyoboro nibihe bitandukanye, cyane cyane mubihe by'ubushyuhe bwo hejuru, tugomba kwitondera byumwihariko guhitamo ibikoresho byabikoresho kugirango duhuze ibikoresho bitunganyirizwa cyangwa ubushyuhe bwibishushanyo mbonera hamwe nigitutu cyo gushushanya, nk'ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwa chrome molybdenum umuyoboro w'icyuma, mugihe ibikoresho byo guhitamo ibyuma bitagira umwanda, noneho birashoboka cyane ko ari ikibazo, ugomba kujya kureba ubushyuhe bwibikoresho bijyanye nigipimo cyumuvuduko.
Mu guhitamo ibikoresho byashushanyijemo, akenshi byahuye na sisitemu zitandukanye zitandukanye, urukurikirane, amanota yicyuma kitagira umwanda, guhitamo bigomba gushingira kubitangazamakuru byihariye, ubushyuhe, igitutu, ibice bitsindagiye, kwangirika nigiciro nibindi bitekerezo.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukwakira-11-2023