Ibyuma bitazangiza bishobora kuboneka ahantu hose mu buzima, kandi hari ubwoko bwose bw'ibikoresho bidasanzwe gutandukanya. Uyu munsi ndagira ngo ngusangire inkuru isobanura neza ingingo z'ubumenyi hano.
Icyuma kidashonga ni icyuma kidashonga kidashonga, umwuka, umwuka w'amazi n'ibindi bikoresho bidashonga cyangwa icyuma kidashonga kizwi nka icyuma kidashonga; kandi kidashonga kidashonga (aside, alkali, umunyu, n'ibindi bikoresho bikoresha imiti) ingese y'icyuma yitwa icyuma kidashonga kidashonga.
Icyuma kidashonga bivuga umwuka, umwuka w'amazi n'ibindi bikoresho bidafite imbaraga zo kwangiza ndetse na aside, alkali, umunyu n'ibindi bikoresho bikoresha imiti birwanya kwangiza by'icyuma, bizwi kandi nka icyuma kidashonga cyo kwangiza. Mu by'ukuri, akenshi ibikoresho bidafite imbaraga zo kwangiza byitwa icyuma kidashonga, naho ibikoresho bikoresha imiti birwanya kwangiza byitwa icyuma kidashonga. Kubera itandukaniro riri mu miterere y'ibi bintu byombi, icya mbere ntabwo kirwanya kwangiza byitwa chemical media, mu gihe icya nyuma muri rusange kidashonga. Ubudahangarwa bw'icyuma kidashonga bushingiye ku bintu bivanze biri mu cyuma.
Ishyirwa mu byiciro rusange
Dukurikije ikigo cy’ubucuruzi bw’ibyuma
Muri rusange, dukurikije urwego rw’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro, ibyuma bisanzwe bitagira umugese bigabanyijemo ibyiciro bitatu: ibyuma bitagira umugese bya austenitic, ibyuma bitagira umugese bya ferritic na ibyuma bitagira umugese bya martensitic. Hashingiwe ku miterere y’ibanze y’ibi byiciro bitatu, ibyuma bibiri, ibyuma bitagira umugese bikomera mu mvura n’ibyuma byinshi birimo icyuma kiri munsi ya 50% by’icyuma bikomoka ku bintu byihariye.
1. Icyuma kitagira umugese cya Austenique
Imiterere ya kristu y’icyitegererezo cya austenitic (CY phase) igizwe n’ibintu bidakoresha ingufu za rukuruzi, ahanini binyuze mu gukora ibintu bikonje kugira ngo bikomere (kandi bishobora gutuma habaho ingufu za rukuruzi) z’icyuma kitagira umugese. Ikigo cy’Abanyamerika gishinzwe ibyuma n’ibyuma cyatanze amanota 200 na 300, nka 304.
2. Icyuma kidafunze cya Ferritic
Imiterere ya ferite (igice) ishingiye ku matrix kugeza ku mubiri ni ingenzi, ifite imbaraga za rukuruzi, muri rusange ntishobora gukomera bitewe n'ubushyuhe, ariko gukoresha ubukonje bishobora gutuma ikomera gato mu cyuma kitagira umugese. Ikigo cy’Abanyamerika gishinzwe ibyuma n’ibyuma kuri 430 na 446 ku kirango.
3. Icyuma kidashonga cya Martensitic
Matrix ni imiterere ya martensitic (kibe cyangwa kibe ishingiye ku mubiri), ifite imbaraga za rukuruzi, binyuze mu kuvura ubushyuhe ishobora guhindura imiterere yayo ya mekanike y'icyuma kitagira umugese. Ikigo cy'Abanyamerika cy'Ibyuma n'Ibyuma kuri 410, 420, na 440 byanditseho imibare. Martensite ifite imiterere ya austenitic ku bushyuhe bwinshi, ishobora guhindurwa martensite (ni ukuvuga ikomeye) iyo ikonjeshejwe kugeza ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba ku gipimo gikwiye.
4. Icyuma kidafunze cyo mu bwoko bwa Austenitic gifite ubwoko bwa ferrite (duplex)
Matrix ifite imiterere y’ibice bibiri bya austenitic na ferrite, aho ingano y’ibice bike muri rusange irenga 15%, magnetic, ishobora gukomezwa no gukorana kw’icyuma kidafunze neza, 329 ni icyuma gisanzwe cya duplex stainless. Ugereranyije n’icyuma kidafunze cya austenitic, icyuma cya duplex gifite imbaraga nyinshi, kurwanya ingese hagati y’udukoko na chloride stress corruption na pitting corruption birarushaho kwiyongera.
5. Icyuma gikomeza imvura
Matrix ni imiterere ya austenitic cyangwa martensitic, kandi ishobora gukomera hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gukomeresha imvura kugira ngo ikomere icyuma kitagira umugese. Ikigo cy’Abanyamerika cy’Ibyuma n’Ibyuma cyatanze ibimenyetso 600 bya digitale, nka 630, ni ukuvuga 17-4PH.
Muri rusange, uretse alloys, ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ingese bw'icyuma kidashonga cya austenitic ni bwiza cyane, mu kirere kidashonga cyane, ushobora gukoresha icyuma kidashonga cya ferritic, mu kirere kidashonga cyane, niba ibikoresho bikenewe kugira ngo bigire imbaraga nyinshi cyangwa ubukana bwinshi, ushobora gukoresha icyuma kidashonga cya martensitic n'icyuma kidashonga cya ferritic.
Ibiranga n'imikoreshereze
Uburyo bwo gukora ku buso
Itandukaniro ry'ubunini
1. Kubera ko imashini zikora icyuma zikora akazi ko kuzingurura, imizingo ishyushywa no guhinduka gato, bigatuma ubugari bw'icyuma bugabanuka, muri rusange bukaba bunini hagati y'impande zombi z'umubyimba. Mu gupima ubunini bw'icyuma, amabwiriza agomba gupimwa hagati y'umutwe w'icyuma.
2. Impamvu yo kwihanganirana ishingiye ku isoko n'ibyo abakiriya bakeneye, muri rusange bigabanyijemo ubushobozi bunini n'ubuto.
V. Ibisabwa mu gukora, kugenzura
1. Isahani y'umuyoboro
① Ibice by'umuyoboro w'amazi bifatanye kugira ngo harebwe imirasire 100% cyangwa UT, urwego rwujuje ibisabwa: RT: Ⅱ UT: urwego Ⅰ;
② Uretse icyuma kitagira umugese, ikoreshwa mu kugabanya ubushyuhe mu gice cy'umuyoboro gikozwe mu buryo buvanze;
③ Itandukaniro ry'ubugari bw'ikiraro cy'umwobo w'ikiraro: hakurikijwe formula yo kubara ubugari bw'ikiraro cy'umwobo: B = (S - d) - D1
Ubugari buke bw'ikiraro cy'umwobo: B = 1/2 (S - d) + C;
2. Uburyo bwo kuvura ubushyuhe bw'agasanduku k'imiyoboro:
Icyuma cya karuboni, icyuma gito gikozwe mu cyuma gishongeshejwe hamwe n’agasanduku k’umuyoboro gatandukanye, kimwe n’agasanduku k’umuyoboro k’imyenge yo ku ruhande irenga 1/3 cy’umurambararo w’imbere w’agasanduku k’umuyoboro wa silindiri, mu gukoresha ubushuhe mu kugabanya ubushyuhe, ubuso bwo kuziba flange n’agace bigomba gutunganywa nyuma yo gutunganya ubushyuhe.
3. Ikizamini cy'umuvuduko
Iyo igitutu cy'imiterere y'igishishwa kiri hasi ugereranyije n'igitutu cy'imikorere y'umuyoboro, kugira ngo harebwe ubwiza bw'umuyoboro uhindura ubushyuhe n'imiyoboro ihuza
① Umuvuduko wa porogaramu y'imashini kugira ngo wongere umuvuduko w'igerageza hamwe na porogaramu y'imashini ijyanye n'igerageza rya hydraulic, kugira ngo urebe niba aho imiyoboro ihurira hari amazi. (Ariko, ni ngombwa kwemeza ko umuvuduko w'ibanze w'imashini mu gihe cy'igerageza rya hydraulic ari ≤0.9ReLΦ)
② Iyo uburyo bwavuzwe haruguru budakwiye, igikonoshwa gishobora gupimwa hifashishijwe hydrostatic hakurikijwe igitutu cy’umwimerere nyuma yo kunyuramo, hanyuma igikonoshwa kigapimwa ku isohoka rya amoniya cyangwa halogen leakage.
Ni ubuhe bwoko bw'icyuma kidashonga kitagora kwangirika?
Hari ibintu bitatu by'ingenzi bigira ingaruka ku ingese y'icyuma kitagira umugese:
1. Ingano y'ibintu bivangavanze. Muri rusange, ingano ya chromium mu cyuma cya 10.5% ntabwo byoroshye kuyihindura ingese. Uko ingano ya chromium na nikeli irwanya ingese ni byiza kurushaho, nko kuba ingano ya nikeli ya 85 ~ 10%, ingano ya chromium ya 18% ~ 20%, icyuma nk'icyo muri rusange ntabwo ari ingese.
2. Uburyo bwo gushonga bw’uruganda buzagira ingaruka ku burwanyi bw’icyuma kidashonga. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gushonga ni ryiza, ibikoresho bigezweho, ikoranabuhanga rigezweho, uruganda runini rw’icyuma kidashonga haba mu kugenzura ibintu bivangavanze, gukuraho imyanda, kugenzura ubushyuhe bwo gukonjesha bishobora kwemezwa, bityo ubwiza bw’ibicuruzwa buhamye kandi bwizewe, ubwiza bw’ibanze ni bwiza, ntibyoroshye kwangiza. Ahubwo, ibikoresho bimwe na bimwe by’icyuma bito bikoreshwa mu byuma bisubira inyuma, ikoranabuhanga risubira inyuma, uburyo bwo gushonga, imyanda ntishobora gukurwaho, umusaruro w’ibicuruzwa uzahita uhinduka ingese.
3. Ibidukikije byo hanze. Ahantu humutse kandi hahumeka ntabwo byoroshye kwangiza, mu gihe ubushuhe bw'ikirere, imvura ikomeza kugwa, cyangwa umwuka urimo aside na alkali mu bidukikije byoroshye kwangiza. Ibyuma bita icyuma gitemba, iyo ibidukikije bihakikije ari bibi cyane nabyo biba bifite ingese.
Ibisebe by'icyuma kidashyuha wabyitwaramo ute?
1. Uburyo bwa chimique
Hamwe n'umuti wo gusiga cyangwa spray kugira ngo bifashe ibice byayo byangiritse kongera kuzura ikorwa rya chromium oxide film kugira ngo byongere ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ingese, nyuma yo gusiga, kugira ngo bikureho imyanda yose n'ibisigazwa bya aside, ni ngombwa cyane koza neza n'amazi. Nyuma y'uko byose bitunganyijwe kandi bigasukurwa n'ibikoresho byo gusiga, bishobora gufungwa n'isuku yo gusiga. Ku bice by'ingese byo mu gace runaka, hashobora gukoreshwa lisansi ya 1:1, uruvange rw'amavuta n'igitambaro gisukuye cyo guhanagura ibice by'ingese.
2. Uburyo bwa mekanike
Gusukura umucanga, gusukura hakoreshejwe ikirahure cyangwa uduce twa ceramic, gutwika, gusya no gusiga irangi. Uburyo bwa mashini bushobora guhanagura umwanda uterwa n'ibikoresho byakuweho mbere, gusiga irangi cyangwa ibikoresho byakuweho. Ubwoko bwose bw'umwanda, cyane cyane uduce tw'icyuma two mu mahanga, bushobora kuba intandaro y'ingese, cyane cyane ahantu hakonje. Kubwibyo, ubuso busukuwe n'imashini bugomba gusukurwa ku mugaragaro mu gihe cyumye. Gukoresha uburyo bwa mashini bisukura gusa ubuso bwabwo kandi ntibihindura uburyo ibikoresho ubwabyo birwanya ingese. Kubwibyo, ni byiza kongera gusiga irangi ku buso ukoresheje ibikoresho byo gusiga irangi no kubufunga ukoresheje irangi ryo gusiga irangi nyuma yo gusukura imashini.
Ibikoresho bikunze gukoreshwa mu byuma bitagira umugese n'imiterere yabyo
1.304 icyuma kitagira umugese. Ni kimwe mu byuma bitagira umugese bikoreshwa cyane kandi bikoreshwa cyane, bibereye mu gukora ibice bikurura cyane n'imiyoboro ya aside, ibikoresho, ibice by'imiterere, ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibikoresho, nibindi. Ishobora kandi gukora ibikoresho n'ibice bidakoresha ingufu za rukuruzi, ubushyuhe buke.
Ibyuma bita 2.304L. Kugira ngo bikemure imvura ya Cr23C6 iterwa n’ibyuma bita 304 mu bihe bimwe na bimwe, hari imiterere ikomeye yo kwangirika hagati y’ibice by’icyuma ndetse no guteza imbere icyuma kita gira kaboni nke cyane, imiterere yacyo yo kwangirika hagati y’ibice by’icyuma ni myiza cyane kuruta icyuma kita gira 304. Uretse imbaraga nkeya, indi miterere ifite icyuma kita gira 321, gikoreshwa cyane cyane mu bikoresho birwanya kwangirika n’ibice byacyo ntibishobora gusukurwa, ishobora gukoreshwa mu gukora ubwoko butandukanye bw’ibikoresho.
Icyuma kitagira umugese cya 3.304H. Ishami ry'imbere ry'icyuma kitagira umugese rya 304, igice cya karuboni kirimo 0.04% ~ 0.10%, imikorere y'ubushyuhe bwinshi ni myiza kurusha icyuma kitagira umugese cya 304.
4.316 icyuma kidashonga. Mu cyuma cya 10Cr18Ni12 hashingiwe ku kongeramo molybdenum, bityo icyuma kikaba gifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ingese no kugabanya ingese. Mu mazi yo mu nyanja n'ibindi bikoresho, kurwanya ingese ni byiza kuruta icyuma kidashonga 304, gikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gutera ingese no kugabanya ingese.
Icyuma kitagira umugese cya Litiro 5.316. Icyuma gikozwe mu buryo bwa karuboni nke cyane, gifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ingese hagati y’udusate tw’ibinyabutabire, kibereye mu gukora ibikoresho binini bikozwe mu bice bivanze n’ibinyabutabire, nk’ibikoresho bya peteroli mu bikoresho birwanya ingese.
Icyuma kitagira umugese cya 6.316H. Ishami ry'imbere ry'icyuma kitagira umugese cya 316, igice cya karuboni kingana na 0.04%-0.10%, imikorere y'ubushyuhe bwinshi ni myiza kurusha icyuma kitagira umugese cya 316.
Icyuma kidashonga gifite icyuma cya 7.317. Kurwanya ingese no kurwanya gukurura ni byiza kuruta icyuma kidashonga gifite icyuma cya 316L, gikoreshwa mu gukora ibikoresho birwanya ingese na aside organic.
8.321 Icyuma kidashonga. Icyuma kidashonga cya austenitic cyatashywe na titanium, cyongeramo titanium kugira ngo cyongere ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ingese hagati y’udukoko, kandi gifite ubushobozi bwiza bwo gukora ibintu mu bushyuhe bwinshi, gishobora gusimburwa n’icyuma kidashonga cya austenitic cya austenitic cyatashywe na karuboni nkeya cyane. Uretse ubushyuhe bwinshi cyangwa hydrogen corruption n’ibindi bihe bidasanzwe, muri rusange ntabwo byemewe.
9.347 Icyuma kidashonga. Icyuma kidashonga cya austenitic cya austenitic gihamye cya niobium, niobium yongewemo kugira ngo yongere ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ingese hagati y’udukoko, kurwanya ingese muri aside, alkali, umunyu n’ibindi bikoresho byangiza hamwe na 321 stainless steel, imikorere myiza yo gusudira, ishobora gukoreshwa nk'ibikoresho birwanya ingese n'icyuma kidashonga gikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gukoresha ingufu z'ubushyuhe, ubuhinzi bwa peteroli, nko gukora ibikoresho, imiyoboro, imiyoboro y'ubushyuhe, imiyoboro, amatanura yo mu nganda mu muyoboro w'itanura n'umuyoboro w'itanura n'ibindi.
Ibyuma bita 10.904L. Icyuma kitarabagirana cya austenitic cyuzuye cyane, icyuma kitarabagirana cyavumbuwe na Finlande Otto Kemp, igice cyacyo cya nickel kiri hagati ya 24% na 26%, igice cya karuboni kiri munsi ya 0.02%, gifite ubudahangarwa bwiza bwo kwangirika, muri aside idahumanya nka aside sulfuri, acetic, formic na fosforique gifite ubudahangarwa bwiza bwo kwangirika, kandi icyarimwe gifite ubudahangarwa bwiza bwo kwangirika no kurwanya imiterere ya stress ya stress. Kibereye ahantu hatandukanye ha aside sulfurique munsi ya dogere 70°C, kandi gifite ubudahangarwa bwiza bwo kwangirika kuri aside asetiki na aside ivanze ya aside formic na aside asetiki y’ubushyuhe ubwo aribwo bwose n’ubushyuhe ubwo aribwo bwose mu gitutu gisanzwe. ASMESB-625 y’umwimerere ishingiye ku bise bya nickel, naho igipimo gishya kiyishyira mu byuma bitarabagirana. Ubushinwa bukoresha icyuma cya 015Cr19Ni26Mo5Cu2 cyo mu rwego rwo hejuru gusa, kimwe mu nganda z’i Burayi zikora ibikoresho by’ingenzi zikoresha icyuma cya 904L kitanduye, nk’icyuma gipima uburebure bwa E + H gikoreshwa mu cyuma cya 904L kitanduye, agasanduku k’isaha ka Rolex gakoreshwa kandi mu cyuma cya 904L kitanduye.
Icyuma kidafunze cya 11.440C. Icyuma kidafunze cya Martensitic, icyuma kidafunze gikomera, icyuma kidafunze kiri mu bukonje bwinshi, ubukonje HRC57. Gikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gukora imiyoboro, imiyoboro y'amazi, valve, intebe z'imiyoboro, amaboko, inkingi z'imiyoboro, nibindi.
Ibyuma bitagira umugese 12.17-4PH. Ibyuma bitagira umugese bikomeza ubushyuhe bwa martensitic, ubukana bwa HRC44, bifite imbaraga nyinshi, ubukana n'ubukana bwa ruswa, ntibishobora gukoreshwa ku bushyuhe buri hejuru ya 300 ℃. Bifite ubukana bwiza bwa ruswa haba ku mwuka cyangwa umunyu uva mu kirere ndetse no ku binyabutabire, kandi ubukana bwabyo bwa ruswa ni bumwe n'ubw'ibyuma bitagira umugese 304 na 430, bikoreshwa mu gukora ibyuma byo mu nyanja, ibyuma bya turbine, spools, intebe, amaboko n'imitsi ya valve.
Mu mwuga wo gushushanya ibikoresho, hamwe n’ibibazo rusange n’ikiguzi, icyuma gisanzwe cyo guhitamo icyuma gikozwe muri austenitic ni 304-304L-316-316L-317-321-347-904L, muri byo 317 ntabwo bikunze gukoreshwa cyane, 321 ntiyemerwa, 347 ikoreshwa mu kwangirika kw’ubushyuhe bwinshi, 904L ni ibikoresho bisanzwe by’ibice bimwe na bimwe by’inganda ku giti cyazo, igishushanyo muri rusange ntikizafata iya mbere mu guhitamo 904L.
Mu guhitamo igishushanyo mbonera cy'ibikoresho, akenshi hazaba hari ibikoresho byo gukoresha kandi ibikoresho by'imiyoboro ni ibihe bitandukanye, cyane cyane mu bihe by'ubushyuhe bwinshi, tugomba kwita cyane ku guhitamo ibikoresho byo gukoresha kugira ngo bihuze n'ibikoresho byo gutunganya cyangwa ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko w'igishushanyo mbonera cy'imiyoboro, nk'umuyoboro w'icyuma wa chrome molybdenum ushyushye cyane, mu gihe ibikoresho byo gukoresha kugira ngo uhitemo icyuma kidashonga, birashoboka cyane ko byaba ikibazo, ugomba kujya kureba ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko w'ibikoresho bireba.
Mu guhitamo imiterere y'ibikoresho, akenshi hakunze kugaragara ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibikoresho, uruhererekane, urwego rw'ibyuma bitarangirika, guhitamo bigomba gushingira ku buryo bwihariye bwo gukora, ubushyuhe, igitutu, ibice biremereye, ingese n'igiciro n'ibindi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukwakira-11-2023