Kuvura ubushyuhe bivuga uburyo bwo gushyushya ibyuma aho bishyushya, bifata kandi bikonjeshwa hakoreshejwe ubushyuhe mu buryo bukomeye kugirango ubone ishyirahamwe ryifuzwa.
I. Kuvura ubushyuhe
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4 、 Gusaza ： Nyuma yumuti ukomeye wo kuvura ubushyuhe cyangwa guhindura plastike ikonje ya aliyumu, iyo ishyizwe mubushyuhe bwicyumba cyangwa ikabikwa ku bushyuhe buke burenze ubushyuhe bwicyumba, ibintu byimiterere yabyo bihinduka mugihe.
5, Umuti ukomeye wo kuvura: kugirango ibivanze mubyiciro bitandukanye bishonga burundu, bishimangire igisubizo gihamye kandi binonosore ubukana no kurwanya ruswa, bikuraho imihangayiko no koroshya, kugirango dukomeze gutunganya ibicuruzwa.
6, Kuvura gusaza: gushyushya no gufata ku bushyuhe bwimvura yicyiciro cyongera imbaraga, kugirango imvura yicyiciro cyongera imbaraga kugirango imvura igwe, gukomera, kunoza imbaraga.
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8. uburyo bwo kuvura ubushyuhe.
9, Carboneitriding yicyuma: carboneitriding nu gice cyo hejuru cyicyuma icyarimwe kwinjirira muri karubone na azote.Carbonitriding isanzwe izwi kandi nka cyanide, gaze yubushyuhe bwo hagati ya gaze karubonitride hamwe na gaze ya gaze karubonitride (ni ukuvuga nitrocarburizing ya gaz) ikoreshwa cyane.Intego nyamukuru yubushyuhe bwo hagati ya gaze karubone ni ugutezimbere ubukana, kwambara imbaraga hamwe numunaniro wibyuma.Gazi yubushyuhe buke bwa karubone kugeza kuri nitriding, intego nyamukuru yayo ni ukunoza imyambarire yimyuma no kurwanya kuruma.
10, Kuvura ubushyuhe (kuzimya no gutuza): umuco rusange uzimya kandi ushushe mubushyuhe bwinshi hamwe no kuvura ubushyuhe buzwi nko kuvura ubushyuhe.Kuvura ubushyuhe bikoreshwa cyane mubice bitandukanye byingenzi byubatswe, cyane cyane abakora munsi yimizigo ihinduranya inkoni zihuza, bolts, ibikoresho na shitingi.Kugerageza nyuma yubushyuhe bwo kubona ubushyuhe bwa sohnite organisation, imiterere yubukanishi iruta ubukana bumwe bwumuryango usanzwe wa sohnite.Ubukomezi bwabwo buterwa nubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwubushyuhe nubushyuhe bwicyuma hamwe nibikorwa byambukiranya igice, muri rusange hagati ya HB200-350.
11, Brazing: hamwe nibikoresho byo gushakisha bizaba ubwoko bubiri bwibikorwa byo gushyushya gushonga bihujwe hamwe nuburyo bwo kuvura ubushyuhe.
II.Tibiranga inzira
Gutunganya ubushyuhe bwibyuma nimwe mubikorwa byingenzi mubikorwa byo gutunganya imashini, ugereranije nubundi buryo bwo gutunganya imashini, kuvura ubushyuhe muri rusange ntabwo bihindura imiterere yakazi hamwe nibigize imiti rusange, ariko muguhindura microstructure y'imbere yibikorwa, cyangwa guhindura imiti ibice byubuso bwakazi, gutanga cyangwa kunoza imikoreshereze yumurimo wakazi.Irangwa no kunoza ubwiza bwimbere bwibikorwa, ubusanzwe ntibigaragara mumaso.Kugirango ukore icyuma gikora hamwe nibikoresho bya mehaniki bisabwa, ibintu bifatika hamwe nimiti ya chimique, hiyongereyeho guhitamo neza ibikoresho hamwe nuburyo butandukanye bwo kubumba, uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe ni ngombwa.Ibyuma nibikoresho bikoreshwa cyane munganda zubukanishi, uruganda rwa microstructure complex, rushobora kugenzurwa no kuvura ubushyuhe, bityo rero kuvura ibyuma nibyingenzi byingenzi bivura ubushyuhe bwibyuma.Byongeye kandi, aluminium, umuringa, magnesium, titanium nandi mavuta arashobora kandi kuvura ubushyuhe kugirango uhindure imiterere yubukanishi, umubiri nubumashini, kugirango ubone imikorere itandukanye.
III.Tatunganya
Uburyo bwo kuvura ubushyuhe muri rusange burimo gushyushya, gufata, gukonjesha inzira eshatu, rimwe na rimwe gusa gushyushya no gukonjesha inzira ebyiri.Izi nzira zahujwe, ntizishobora guhagarikwa.
Gushyushya nimwe mubikorwa byingenzi byo kuvura ubushyuhe.Gutunganya ubushyuhe bwibyuma byuburyo bwinshi bwo gushyushya, icyambere nukoresha amakara namakara nkisoko yubushyuhe, ikoreshwa rya vuba rya lisansi na gaze.Gukoresha amashanyarazi bituma gushyushya byoroshye kugenzura, kandi nta bihumanya ibidukikije.Gukoresha ayo masoko yubushyuhe birashobora gushyuha bitaziguye, ariko kandi binyuze mumunyu cyangwa icyuma gishongeshejwe, kugeza kureremba hejuru yubushyuhe butaziguye.
Gushyushya ibyuma, igihangano cyakazi gihura numwuka, okiside, decarburisation ikunze kubaho (nukuvuga, karubone yo hejuru yibice byibyuma kugirango igabanye), bigira ingaruka mbi cyane kumiterere yibice bivura ubushyuhe.Kubwibyo, icyuma kigomba kuba mubirere bigenzurwa cyangwa ikirere gikingira, umunyu ushongeshejwe no gushyushya vacuum, ariko nanone uburyo bwo kuboneka cyangwa uburyo bwo gupakira bwo gushyushya ibintu.
Ubushuhe ni kimwe mubintu byingenzi byerekana uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe, guhitamo no kugenzura ubushyuhe bwo gushyushya, ni ukureba niba ubushyuhe bwo kuvura ubushyuhe bwibibazo nyamukuru.Ubushyuhe bwo gushyuha buratandukanye nibikoresho byavuwe hamwe nintego yo kuvura ubushyuhe, ariko muri rusange birashyuha hejuru yubushyuhe bwicyiciro kugirango ubone ubushyuhe bwo hejuru.Byongeye kandi, guhinduka bisaba igihe runaka, mugihe rero hejuru yubukorikori bwicyuma kugirango ugere kubushyuhe bukenewe, ariko kandi bigomba no kubikwa kuri ubu bushyuhe mugihe runaka, kugirango ubushyuhe bwimbere ninyuma birahoraho, kuburyo microstructure ihinduka yuzuye, izwi nkigihe cyo gufata.Gukoresha ingufu nyinshi zishyushye hamwe no kuvura ubushyuhe bwo hejuru, igipimo cyo gushyuha kirihuta cyane, muri rusange ntamwanya ufata, mugihe ubushyuhe bwimiti yo gufata igihe cyo gufata ari kirekire.
Gukonjesha kandi ni intambwe yingenzi muburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe, uburyo bwo gukonjesha bitewe nuburyo butandukanye, cyane cyane kugenzura igipimo cyo gukonja.Igipimo rusange cyo gukonjesha ni cyo gitinda cyane, gisanzwe igipimo cyo gukonja kirihuta, kuzimya igipimo cyo gukonja byihuse.Ariko nanone kubera ubwoko butandukanye bwibyuma kandi bifite ibisabwa bitandukanye, nkibyuma bikomye ikirere birashobora kuzimwa nigipimo cyo gukonjesha kimwe nibisanzwe.
IV.P.Ibyiciro
Uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe bwibyuma burashobora kugabanywa mubice byose bivura ubushyuhe, gutunganya ubushyuhe bwo hejuru no kuvura ubushyuhe bwimiti ibyiciro bitatu.Ukurikije uburyo bwo gushyushya, ubushyuhe bwo gushyushya nuburyo bwo gukonjesha butandukanye, buri cyiciro gishobora gutandukanywa muburyo butandukanye bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe.Icyuma kimwe ukoresheje uburyo butandukanye bwo kuvura ubushyuhe, burashobora kubona amashyirahamwe atandukanye, bityo ukagira ibintu bitandukanye.Icyuma nicyuma nicyuma gikoreshwa cyane munganda, kandi microstructure yicyuma nayo iragoye cyane, kuburyo hariho uburyo butandukanye bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe bwibyuma.
Muri rusange kuvura ubushyuhe nubushyuhe rusange bwibikorwa, hanyuma bikonjeshwa ku kigero gikwiye, kugirango ubone ishyirahamwe ryibyuma bisabwa, kugirango uhindure imiterere yubukanishi rusange yuburyo bwo gutunganya ibyuma.Muri rusange kuvura ubushyuhe bwibyuma hafi ya byose, bisanzwe, kuzimya no kugabanya inzira enye zingenzi.
Inzira bisobanura:
Annealing ni igihangano gishyuha ubushyuhe bukwiye, ukurikije ibikoresho nubunini bwakazi ukoresheje igihe cyo gufata, hanyuma ugakonja buhoro, ikigamijwe ni ugukora organisation yimbere yicyuma kugirango igere cyangwa yegereye leta iringaniye. , kugirango ubone inzira nziza yimikorere nibikorwa, cyangwa kugirango uzimye kuzimya imitunganyirize yimyiteguro.
Ubusanzwe ni igicapo gishyushya ubushyuhe bukwiye nyuma yo gukonjesha mu kirere, ingaruka zisanzwe zisa na annealing, gusa kubona ishyirahamwe ryiza, akenshi rikoreshwa mugutezimbere imikorere yo gukata ibikoresho, ariko nanone rimwe na rimwe bikoreshwa kuri bimwe. ibice bidakenewe cyane nkubuvuzi bwa nyuma.
Kuzimya ni igihangano gishyushye kandi kigashyirwa mu mazi, mu mazi, mu mavuta cyangwa indi myunyu ngugu, ibisubizo by’amazi kama nubundi buryo bwo kuzimya kugirango bikonje vuba.Nyuma yo kuzimya, ibice byibyuma birakomera, ariko icyarimwe bigacika intege, kugirango bikureho ubukana mugihe gikwiye, mubisanzwe birakenewe kurakara mugihe gikwiye.
Kugirango ugabanye ubukana bwibice byibyuma, ibice byazimye ibyuma mubushyuhe bukwiye burenze ubushyuhe bwicyumba kandi munsi ya 650 ℃ mugihe kirekire, hanyuma bikonje, iki gikorwa cyitwa ubushyuhe.Annealing, bisanzwe, kuzimya, kurakara nubushuhe muri rusange bwo kuvura ubushyuhe muri "umuriro ine", aho kuzimya no gutwarwa bifitanye isano rya bugufi, akenshi bikoreshwa bifatanije, kimwe ni ngombwa.“Umuriro ine” hamwe n'ubushyuhe n'ubushyuhe butandukanye, kandi byahinduye uburyo butandukanye bwo kuvura ubushyuhe.Kugirango ubone urwego runaka rwimbaraga nubukomezi, kuzimya no gutwarwa nubushyuhe bwo hejuru bihujwe nuburyo, bizwi nka tempering.Nyuma yuko amavuta amwe azimye kugirango akemure igisubizo kirenze urugero, gifatwa ku bushyuhe bwicyumba cyangwa ku bushyuhe buke buke bukwiye mugihe kirekire kugirango bigerweho ubukana, imbaraga, cyangwa magnetisme yumuriro wa aliyumu.Ibikorwa nkibi byo kuvura ubushyuhe byitwa gusaza.
Gutunganya imbaraga zo guhindura no kuvura ubushyuhe neza kandi byegeranye kugirango bikore, kugirango igihangano kibone imbaraga nziza cyane, gukomera hamwe nuburyo buzwi nko kuvura ubushyuhe bwa deformasiyo;mubihe bibi-byumuvuduko cyangwa vacuum mukuvura ubushyuhe buzwi nko kuvura ubushyuhe bwa vacuum, bidashobora gusa gutuma igihangano kidakora okiside, ntigicike, kugumana ubuso bwakazi nyuma yo kuvurwa, kunoza imikorere yakazi, ariko binyuze muri osmotic agent yo kuvura ubushyuhe bwimiti.
Kuvura ubushyuhe bwo hejuru ni ugushyushya gusa igipande cyakazi kugirango uhindure imiterere yubukorikori bwubuso bwibikorwa byo gutunganya ubushyuhe bwicyuma.Kugirango ushushe gusa hejuru yubuso bwakazi hatabayeho guhererekanya ubushyuhe bukabije mukazi, gukoresha isoko yubushyuhe bigomba kuba bifite ingufu nyinshi, ni ukuvuga mubice bigize igice cyakazi kugirango bitange ingufu nini zubushyuhe, bityo ko ubuso bwibice byakazi cyangwa byaho bishobora kuba igihe gito cyangwa ako kanya kugirango bigere ku bushyuhe bwinshi.Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwuburyo bukuru bwo kuzimya umuriro no gushyushya ubushyuhe bwo kuvura ubushyuhe, bukunze gukoreshwa nkubushyuhe nka oxyacetylene cyangwa flame ya oxypropane, induction, induction, laser na electron.
Gutunganya ubushyuhe bwa chimique nuburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe bwicyuma muguhindura imiterere yimiterere, imitunganyirize nimiterere yubuso bwibikorwa.Kuvura ubushyuhe bwa chimique bitandukanye no kuvura ubushyuhe bwo hejuru kuberako ibyambere bihindura imiterere yimiterere yubuso bwakazi.Gutunganya ubushyuhe bwa chimique bishyirwa kumurimo urimo karubone, itangazamakuru ryumunyu cyangwa ibindi bintu bivangavanze hagati (gaze, amazi, bikomeye) mubushuhe, kubika igihe kirekire, kuburyo urwego rwo hejuru rwibikorwa byinjira muri karubone , azote, boron na chromium nibindi bintu.Nyuma yo gucengera mubintu, kandi rimwe na rimwe ubundi buryo bwo kuvura ubushyuhe nko kuzimya no kurakara.Uburyo nyamukuru bwo kuvura ubushyuhe bwa chimique ni carburizing, nitriding, ibyuma byinjira.
Kuvura ubushyuhe nimwe mubikorwa byingenzi mubikorwa byo gukora ibice byubukanishi.Muri rusange, irashobora kwemeza no kunoza ibintu bitandukanye byakazi, nko kurwanya kwambara, kurwanya ruswa.Irashobora kandi kunoza imitunganyirize yubusa no guhangayika, kugirango byoroherezwe gutunganya imbeho zitandukanye kandi zishyushye.
Kurugero: ibyuma byera byera nyuma yigihe kinini bivura annealing birashobora kuboneka ibyuma byoroshye, kunoza plastike;ibikoresho hamwe nuburyo bukwiye bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe, ubuzima bwa serivisi burashobora kuba burenze kutavura ubushyuhe inshuro cyangwa inshuro nyinshi;hiyongereyeho, ibyuma bya karubone bihendutse binyuze mu gucengeza ibintu bimwe na bimwe bivangavanze bifite imikorere ihenze ya alloy ibyuma, birashobora gusimbuza ibyuma birwanya ubushyuhe, ibyuma bitagira umwanda;ibishushanyo kandi bipfa hafi ya byose birakenewe kunyura mu kuvura ubushyuhe Birashobora gukoreshwa nyuma yo kuvura ubushyuhe.
Uburyo bw'inyongera
I. Ubwoko bwa annealing
Annealing nuburyo bwo kuvura ubushyuhe aho igicapo gishyushya ubushyuhe bukwiye, gifashwe mugihe runaka, hanyuma kigakonja buhoro.
Hariho ubwoko bwinshi bwibyuma bifata ibyuma, ukurikije ubushyuhe bwubushyuhe bushobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bibiri: kimwe kiri mubushyuhe bukabije (Ac1 cyangwa Ac3) hejuru ya annealing, bizwi kandi nka fonction rerystallisation annealing, harimo annealing yuzuye, annealing ituzuye. , spheroidal annealing na diffusion annealing (homogenisation annealing), nibindi.;ikindi kiri munsi yubushyuhe bukabije bwa annealing, harimo na rerystallisation annealing na de-stress annealing, nibindi .. Ukurikije uburyo bwo gukonjesha, annealing irashobora kugabanywamo isothermal annealing hamwe no gukomeza gukonjesha.
1, kurangiza annealing hamwe na isothermal annealing
Annealing yuzuye, izwi kandi nka rerystallisation annealing, bakunze kwita annealing, ni ibyuma cyangwa ibyuma byashyutswe kuri Ac3 hejuru ya 20 ~ 30 ℃, insulasiyo ndende bihagije kugirango umuryango uhindurwe rwose nyuma yo gukonja buhoro, kugirango ubone ishyirahamwe riringaniye yo gutunganya ubushyuhe.Iyi annealing ikoreshwa cyane cyane muburyo bwa sub-eutectic yibigize ibyuma bitandukanye bya karubone na alloy ibyuma, kwibagirwa hamwe na profili zishyushye, kandi rimwe na rimwe bikoreshwa no gusudira.Mubisanzwe akenshi nkumubare utari uremereye wakazi wanyuma wo kuvura ubushyuhe, cyangwa nkumuti wabanjirije ubushyuhe bwibikorwa bimwe.
2, umupira
Spheroidal annealing ikoreshwa cyane cyane mubyuma birenze urugero bya karubone nicyuma cyifashishwa (nko gukora ibikoresho bikozwe mu mpande, ibipimo, ibipapuro bipfa gukoreshwa mubyuma).Intego yacyo nyamukuru ni ukugabanya ubukana, kunoza imashini, no kwitegura kuzimya ejo hazaza.
3, guhagarika umutima annealing
Guhangayikishwa no guhagarika umutima, bizwi kandi nk'ubushyuhe bwo hasi (cyangwa ubushyuhe bwo hejuru), iyi annealing ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gukuraho casting, kwibagirwa, gusudira, ibice bishyushye, ibice bikururwa n'imbeho hamwe nibindi bibazo bisigaye.Niba iyi mihangayiko idakuweho, bizatera ibyuma nyuma yigihe runaka, cyangwa mugihe gikurikiraho cyo kubyara kubyara cyangwa gucika.
4. Annealing ituzuye ni ugushyushya ibyuma kuri Ac1 ~ Ac3 (ibyuma bya sub-eutectic) cyangwa Ac1 ~ ACcm (ibyuma birenga eutectic) hagati yo kubika ubushyuhe no gukonjesha buhoro kugirango ubone gahunda yuzuye yo gutunganya ubushyuhe.
II.kuzimya, uburyo bukonje bukoreshwa cyane ni brine, amazi namavuta.
Kuzimya amazi yumunyu wakazi, biroroshye kubona ubukana bwinshi nubuso bworoshye, ntabwo byoroshye kubyara kuzimya ntabwo byoroshye ahantu horoheje, ariko biroroshye gukora guhindura imikorere yibikorwa birakomeye, ndetse biracika.Gukoresha amavuta nkigikoresho cyo kuzimya bikwiranye gusa no guhagarara kwa austenite irenze urugero ni nini mubyuma bimwe na bimwe bivanze cyangwa ubunini buke bwibyuma bya carbone.
III.intego yo gushyushya ibyuma
1, gabanya ubukana, kurandura cyangwa kugabanya imihangayiko yimbere, kuzimya ibyuma haribintu byinshi byo guhangayika imbere no gukomera, nko kudashyira mugihe gikwiye bizatuma ibyuma bihinduka cyangwa bigacika.
2. y'ubukene busabwa, plastike.
3 Guhindura ingano yakazi
4, kuri annealing biragoye koroshya ibyuma bimwe na bimwe bivanze, mukuzimya (cyangwa mubisanzwe) bikoreshwa kenshi nyuma yubushyuhe bwo hejuru, kugirango karbide yicyuma ikusanyirize hamwe, ubukana buzagabanuka, kugirango byorohere gukata no gutunganywa.
Ibitekerezo by'inyongera
1, annealing: bivuga ibikoresho byicyuma bishyushya ubushyuhe bukwiye, bikabikwa mugihe runaka, hanyuma bikonjesha buhoro buhoro uburyo bwo kuvura ubushyuhe.Inzira rusange isanzwe ni: rerystallisation annealing, kugabanya imihangayiko annealing, spheroidal annealing, annealing yuzuye, nibindi .. Intego ya annealing: cyane cyane kugabanya ubukana bwibikoresho byibyuma, kunoza plastike, murwego rwo koroshya gukata cyangwa gukora igitutu, kugabanya imihangayiko isigaye , kunoza imitunganyirize hamwe nibigize homogenisation, cyangwa kubuvura bwa nyuma kugirango ubushyuhe bwitegure.
2, mubisanzwe: bivuga ibyuma cyangwa ibyuma bishyushye cyangwa (ibyuma kumwanya wubushyuhe bukabije) hejuru, 30 ~ 50 ℃ kugirango ugumane igihe gikwiye, gukonjesha mugihe cyo gutunganya ubushyuhe bwikirere.Intego yo gukora ibisanzwe: cyane cyane kunoza imiterere yubukanishi bwibyuma bya karubone nkeya, kunoza gukata no gukora imashini, gutunganya ingano, gukuraho inenge zubuyobozi, kugirango ubushyuhe bwa nyuma butegure ishyirahamwe.
3, kuzimya: bivuga ibyuma bishyushye kuri Ac3 cyangwa Ac1 (ibyuma munsi yubushyuhe bukabije) hejuru yubushyuhe runaka, gumana igihe runaka, hanyuma hanyuma ku gipimo gikonje gikwiye, kugirango ubone ishyirahamwe rya martensite (cyangwa bainite) ya uburyo bwo kuvura ubushyuhe.Uburyo busanzwe bwo kuzimya ni ukuzimya hagati-imwe, kuzimya kabiri-kuzimya, kuzimya martensite, kuzimya bainite isothermal kuzimya, kuzimya hejuru no kuzimya kwaho.Intego yo kuzimya: kugirango ibice byibyuma kugirango ubone ishyirahamwe risabwa rya martensitike, bitezimbere ubukana bwakazi, imbaraga no kurwanya abrasion, kugirango bivure ubushyuhe bwa nyuma kugirango bitegure neza ishyirahamwe.
4, ubushyuhe: bivuga ibyuma bikomye, hanyuma bigashyuha ubushyuhe buri munsi ya Ac1, gufata umwanya, hanyuma bikonjeshwa muburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe bwicyumba.Ubushuhe busanzwe ni: ubushyuhe buke, ubushyuhe bwo hagati, ubushyuhe bwo hejuru n'ubushyuhe bwinshi.
Intego yo kugerageza: cyane cyane gukuraho imihangayiko iterwa nicyuma mukuzimya, kugirango ibyuma bigire ubukana bwinshi kandi birwanya kwambara, kandi bifite plastike nubukomezi bukenewe.
5, ubushyuhe: bivuga ibyuma cyangwa ibyuma byo kuzimya nubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwubushyuhe bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe.Ikoreshwa muburyo bwo kuvura ibyuma byitwa tempered ibyuma.Mubisanzwe bivuga ibyuma biciriritse byubatswe hamwe nicyuma giciriritse cyuma cyubatswe.
6, carburizing: carburizing ninzira yo gukora atome ya karubone yinjira mubice byicyuma.Ni no gukora icyuma gike cya karuboni ikora ifite ubuso bwicyuma kinini cya karubone, hanyuma nyuma yo kuzimya nubushyuhe bwo hasi, kuburyo igice cyo hejuru cyibikorwa gifite ubukana bwinshi no kwambara birwanya, mugihe igice cyo hagati cyakazi iracyakomeza gukomera na plastike yicyuma gito cya karubone.
Uburyo bwa Vacuum
Kuberako ibikorwa byo gushyushya no gukonjesha ibikorwa byibyuma bisaba icumi cyangwa nibikorwa byinshi kugirango birangire.Ibi bikorwa bikorerwa mumatanura yo kuvura ubushyuhe bwa vacuum, uyikora ntashobora kwegera, bityo urwego rwo gutangiza itanura ryumuriro wa vacuum rurasabwa kuba hejuru.Muri icyo gihe, ibikorwa bimwe, nko gushyushya no gufata iherezo ryibikorwa byo kuzimya ibyuma bizaba bitandatu, birindwi kandi bizarangira mumasegonda 15.Ibintu nkibi byihuta kugirango urangize ibikorwa byinshi, biroroshye gutera ubwoba bwumukoresha kandi bigakora nabi.Kubwibyo, gusa urwego rwohejuru rwo kwikora rushobora kuba impamo, guhuza mugihe gikurikije gahunda.
Kuvura ubushyuhe bwa Vacuum ibice byicyuma bikorerwa mu itanura rifunze, gufunga vacuum bizwi neza.Kubwibyo, kubona no kubahiriza igipimo cyambere cyo kumeneka kwumwuka w itanura, kugirango habeho icyuho cyakazi cy itanura rya vacuum, kugirango ubuziranenge bwibice bivura ubushyuhe bwa vacuum bifite akamaro kanini cyane.Ikibazo rero cyingenzi cyo gutanura ubushyuhe bwa vacuum ni ukugira imiterere yizewe ya vacuum.Kugirango hamenyekane imikorere ya vacuum itanura rya vacuum, igishushanyo mbonera cyo gutunganya itanura rya vacuum rigomba gukurikiza ihame shingiro, ni ukuvuga umubiri witanura kugirango ukoreshe gusudira gaze, mugihe umubiri witanura gake gashoboka kugirango ufungure cyangwa udafungura umwobo, gake cyangwa wirinde gukoresha imiterere ya kashe ya dinamike, kugirango ugabanye amahirwe yo kumeneka.Yashyizwe mu bikoresho byo mu itanura rya vacuum, ibikoresho, nka electrode ikonjesha amazi, ibikoresho byohereza hanze ya thermocouple nabyo bigomba kuba byateguwe kugirango bishyireho imiterere.
Ibikoresho byinshi byo gushyushya no kubika birashobora gukoreshwa gusa mu cyuho.Ubushyuhe bwo gutunganya itanura rya Vacuum hamwe nubushyuhe bwumuriro biri mubikorwa bya vacuum hamwe nubushyuhe bwo hejuru, ibyo bikoresho rero bishyira imbere kurwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi, ibisubizo byimirasire, ubushyuhe bwumuriro nibindi bisabwa.Ibisabwa kugirango irwanya okiside ntabwo iri hejuru.Kubwibyo, itanura ryumuriro wa vacuum ryakoreshejwe cyane tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum na grafite mugushushya nibikoresho byo kubika ubushyuhe.Ibi bikoresho biroroshye cyane okiside mumiterere yikirere, kubwibyo, itanura risanzwe ritunganya ubushyuhe ntirishobora gukoresha ibyo bikoresho byo gushyushya no kubika.
Igikoresho gikonjesha amazi: igikonjo cyo gutunganya itanura ryumuriro, igifuniko cy itanura, ibikoresho byo gushyushya amashanyarazi, electrode ikonjesha amazi, urugi rwo hagati yubushyuhe bwa vacuum hagati nibindi bikoresho, biri mumyuka, munsi yubushyuhe bwakazi.Gukora mubihe nkibi bidakwiye cyane, bigomba kwemezwa ko imiterere ya buri kintu idahindutse cyangwa ngo yangiritse, kandi kashe ya vacuum ntishyushye cyangwa ngo itwike.Kubwibyo, buri kintu kigomba gushyirwaho ukurikije ibihe bitandukanye ibikoresho bikonjesha amazi kugirango hamenyekane ko itanura ryubushyuhe bwa vacuum rishobora gukora mubisanzwe kandi rikagira ubuzima buhagije bwo gukoresha.
Gukoresha amashanyarazi make-yumuriro-mwinshi: kontineri ya vacuum, mugihe vacuum vacuum ya dogere ya lxlo-1 ya torr nkeya, icyuka cya vacuum cyumuyoboro utanga ingufu mumashanyarazi menshi, bizatanga ibintu bisohora ibintu.Mu itanura ryo kuvura ubushyuhe bwa vacuum, isohoka rikomeye rya arc rizatwika ibintu byo gushyushya amashanyarazi, urwego rwabigenewe, bitera impanuka nini nigihombo.Kubwibyo, vacuum ivura itanura itanura ryamashanyarazi ikora voltage muri rusange ntabwo irenze 80 volt 100.Muri icyo gihe, muburyo bwo gushyushya amashanyarazi kugirango hafatwe ingamba zifatika, nko kugerageza kwirinda kugira isonga ryibice, intera ya electrode hagati ya electrode ntishobora kuba nto cyane, kugirango wirinde kubyara urumuri rusohoka cyangwa arc gusohora.
Ubushyuhe
Ukurikije imikorere itandukanye isabwa mukazi, ukurikije ubushyuhe bwayo butandukanye, irashobora kugabanywa muburyo bukurikira bwubushyuhe:
(a) ubushyuhe buke (dogere 150-250)
Ubushyuhe buke bwubushyuhe bwibisubizo byavuyemo kuri temps martensite.Intego yacyo ni ugukomeza gukomera no kwihanganira kwambara cyane ibyuma bizimye hashingiwe ku kugabanya imihangayiko yo kuzimya imbere no gukomera, kugirango wirinde kwangirika cyangwa kwangirika imburagihe mugihe ukoresheje.Ikoreshwa cyane cyane mubikoresho bitandukanye byo gukata karubone nyinshi, gupima, gukonjesha gukonje, gupfundika hamwe n'ibice bya karubisi, nibindi, nyuma yo gukomera ubukana muri rusange HRC58-64.
(ii) ubushyuhe bwo hagati (dogere 250-500)
Hagati yubushyuhe bwo hagati yubushyuhe bwumubiri wa quartz.Intego yacyo ni ukubona umusaruro mwinshi, imipaka igoye no gukomera.Kubwibyo, ikoreshwa cyane cyane kumasoko atandukanye hamwe no gutunganya akazi gashyushye, gutunganya ubukana ni HRC35-50.
(C) ubushyuhe bwo hejuru (dogere 500-650)
Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwo kwishyiriraho ishyirahamwe rya Sohnite.Kuzimya bisanzwe hamwe nubushyuhe bwo hejuru ubushyuhe hamwe hamwe no kuvura ubushyuhe buzwi nko kuvura ubushyuhe, intego yacyo ni ukubona imbaraga, ubukana na plastike, gukomera nibyiza muri rusange.Kubwibyo, ikoreshwa cyane mumamodoka, romoruki, ibikoresho byimashini nibindi bice byingenzi byubatswe, nko guhuza inkoni, bolts, ibyuma na shitingi.Gukomera nyuma yo kurakara muri rusange HB200-330.
Kwirinda guhindura ibintu
Impamvu zifatika zifatika zifatika akenshi ziragoye, ariko tumenye gusa amategeko yo guhindura ibintu, dusesengure ibitera, dukoresheje uburyo butandukanye bwo gukumira ihindagurika rishobora kugabanuka, ariko kandi rishobora kugenzura.Muri rusange, kuvura ubushyuhe bwo guhindura ibintu neza birashobora gufata uburyo bukurikira bwo kwirinda.
(1) Guhitamo ibikoresho bifatika.Ibishushanyo mbonera bigomba guhitamo ibikoresho byiza bya microdeformasiyo (nk'icyuma kizimya ikirere), gutandukanya karbide y'ibyuma bikomeye bigomba kuba byiza guhimba no kugabanya ubushyuhe bwo kuvura ubushyuhe, binini kandi ntibishobora guhimbwa ibyuma byubatswe birashobora kuba igisubizo gikomeye. kuvura ubushyuhe.
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Mubyongeyeho, imikorere yuburyo bwiza bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe (nko gucomeka imyobo, imyobo ihambiriye, gutunganya imashini, uburyo bukwiye bwo gushyushya, guhitamo neza icyerekezo cyo gukonjesha cyerekezo nicyerekezo cyimikorere muburyo bukonje, nibindi) kandi byumvikana kugabanya ubushyuhe bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe ni ukugabanya guhindura ibintu neza kandi bigoye kandi ni ingamba zifatika.
Kuzimya hejuru no kugabanya ubushyuhe ubusanzwe bikorwa no gushyushya induction cyangwa gushyushya umuriro.Ibyingenzi byingenzi bya tekinike nubuso bukomeye, ubukomere bwaho hamwe nuburyo bukomeye bwo gukomera.Kwipimisha gukomera birashobora gukoreshwa Vickers igerageza, irashobora kandi gukoreshwa Rockwell cyangwa hejuru ya Rockwell igerageza.Guhitamo imbaraga zipimisha (igipimo) bifitanye isano nuburebure bwurwego rukomeye rukomeye hamwe nubuso bukomeye bwakazi.Ubwoko butatu bwikizamini cyabigizemo uruhare hano.
Ubwa mbere, Vickers gukomera kwipimisha nuburyo bwingenzi bwo kugerageza ubukana bwubuso bwibikorwa bitunganijwe nubushyuhe, birashobora gutoranywa kuva 0.5 kugeza 100kg byingufu zipimisha, kugerageza igipande gikomeretsa hejuru nkubunini bwa 0,05mm, kandi ubunyangamugayo nabwo buri hejuru , kandi irashobora gutandukanya utuntu duto mubuso bukomeye bwubushyuhe bukorerwa.Byongeye kandi, ubujyakuzimu bwurwego rukomeye rugomba no gutahurwa nugupima ubukana bwa Vickers, kubwibyo gutunganya ubushyuhe bwo hejuru cyangwa umubare munini wibikoresho ukoresheje ibikoresho byo gutunganya ubushyuhe bwo hejuru, bifite ibikoresho byo gupima ubukana bwa Vickers.
Icya kabiri, hejuru yubushakashatsi bwa Rockwell nabwo burakwiriye cyane mugupima ubukana bwibikorwa bikomye hejuru, igeragezwa rya Rockwell rikomeye rifite umunzani itatu guhitamo.Irashobora kugerageza ubujyakuzimu bukomeye burenga 0.1mm yubuso butandukanye bukomera.Nubwo ubuso bwibizamini bya Rockwell bidasobanutse neza ntabwo biri hejuru nkibizamini bya Vickers, ariko nkubuyobozi bwiza bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe hamwe nuburyo bwo kugenzura bwujuje ubuziranenge, bwashoboye kuzuza ibisabwa.Byongeye kandi, ifite kandi imikorere yoroshye, yoroshye kuyikoresha, igiciro gito, gupima byihuse, irashobora gusoma mu buryo butaziguye agaciro gakomeye nibindi biranga, gukoresha igeragezwa ryikigereranyo cya Rockwell birashobora kuba igice cyibikorwa byo gutunganya ubushyuhe bwubutaka kubintu byihuse kandi bitari- ibizamini byangiza.Ibi nibyingenzi mugutunganya ibyuma ninganda zikora imashini.
Icya gatatu, iyo ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwo kuvura bwakomerekejwe cyane, burashobora kandi gukoreshwa mugupima ubukana bwa Rockwell.Iyo ubushyuhe bwo kuvura ubukana bwikigero cya 0.4 ~ 0.8mm, burashobora gukoreshwa igipimo cya HRA, mugihe umubyimba wikigero kirenze 0.8mm, urashobora gukoreshwa murwego rwa HRC.
Vickers, Rockwell hamwe nubuso bwa Rockwell ubwoko butatu bwingirakamaro burashobora guhinduka muburyo bworoshye, bigahinduka mubisanzwe, gushushanya cyangwa umukoresha akeneye agaciro gakomeye.Imbonerahamwe ijyanye nayo ihindagurika itangwa murwego mpuzamahanga ISO, ASTM yo muri Amerika hamwe na GB / T.
Gukomera kwaho
Ibice niba ubukana bwaho busabwa hejuru, gushyushya induction hamwe nubundi buryo bwo kuvura ubushyuhe bwaho, ibice nkibi bigomba kwerekana aho bivura ubushyuhe bwaho hamwe nuburemere bwaho ku gishushanyo.Igeragezwa ryibice bigomba gukorerwa ahabigenewe.Ibikoresho byo gupima ubukana birashobora gukoreshwa mugupima ubukana bwa Rockwell, kugerageza HRC agaciro gakomeye, nkubushyuhe bwo kuvura ubushyuhe bukabije ni buke, burashobora gukoreshwa hejuru yikizamini cya Rockwell, kugerageza HRN agaciro gakomeye.
Kuvura ubushyuhe bwa shimi
Gutunganya ubushyuhe bwa chimique nugukora ubuso bwibikorwa byinjira mubintu bimwe cyangwa byinshi bya chimique ya atome, kugirango uhindure imiterere yimiti, imitunganyirize n'imikorere yubuso bwakazi.Nyuma yo kuzimya n'ubushyuhe buke, ubuso bwakazi bukora cyane, kwambara birwanya imbaraga hamwe numunaniro ukabije, mugihe intandaro yakazi ifite ubukana bwinshi.
Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, gutahura no kwandika ubushyuhe mubikorwa byo gutunganya ubushyuhe ni ngombwa cyane, kandi kugenzura ubushyuhe buke bigira ingaruka zikomeye kubicuruzwa.Kubwibyo, kumenya ubushyuhe ni ngombwa cyane, icyerekezo cyubushyuhe mubikorwa byose nacyo ni ingenzi cyane, bigatuma inzira yo kuvura ubushyuhe igomba kwandikwa kumihindagurikire yubushyuhe, irashobora koroshya isesengura ryamakuru, ariko kandi ikareba nigihe isaha ubushyuhe ntibujuje ibisabwa.Ibi bizagira uruhare runini mugutezimbere ubushyuhe mugihe kizaza.
Uburyo bukoreshwa
1 、 Sukura ahakorerwa, reba niba amashanyarazi, ibikoresho byo gupima hamwe na sisitemu zitandukanye ari ibisanzwe, kandi niba isoko y'amazi yoroshye.
2 、 Abakoresha bagomba kwambara ibikoresho byiza byo kurinda abakozi, bitabaye ibyo bikaba bibi.
3, fungura imbaraga zo kugenzura kwisi yose, ukurikije ibisabwa bya tekiniki yibikoresho byiciro byiciro byubushyuhe kuzamuka no kugabanuka, kugirango wongere ubuzima bwibikoresho nibikoresho neza.
4, kwitondera ubushyuhe bwo gutunganya itanura ryubushyuhe hamwe no kugenzura umuvuduko wumukandara wa mesh, birashobora kumenya ibipimo byubushyuhe bukenewe kubikoresho bitandukanye, kugirango ukomeze ubukana bwakazi hamwe nubuso bugororotse hamwe na okiside, kandi ukore cyane akazi keza k'umutekano .
5 、 Kwitondera ubushyuhe bwitanura nubushyuhe bwumukandara, fungura umwuka wuzuye, kugirango igihangano nyuma yo gutuza kugirango cyuzuze ibisabwa.
6, mubikorwa bigomba gukomera kumyanya.
7, gushiraho ibikoresho nkenerwa byumuriro, kandi umenyereye gukoresha nuburyo bwo kubungabunga.
8 、 Mugihe duhagaritse imashini, tugomba kugenzura ko ibintu byose bigenzura biri muri reta, hanyuma tugafunga ibintu byose byimurwa.
Ubushyuhe bukabije
Uhereye kumunwa ukabije wibikoresho bya roller bifite ibice birashobora kugaragara nyuma yo kuzimya ubushyuhe bwa microstructure.Ariko kugirango umenye urwego nyarwo rwo gushyuha rugomba kureba microstructure.Niba muri GCr15 ishyirahamwe ryo kuzimya ibyuma muburyo bwa inshinge nini ya martensite, irazimya ishyirahamwe ryinshi.Impamvu yo gushiraho ubushyuhe bwo kuzimya ubushyuhe burashobora kuba hejuru cyane cyangwa gushyuha no gufata umwanya ni muremure cyane biterwa nubushyuhe bwuzuye;Birashobora kandi guterwa nuburyo bwambere bwa bande ya karbide ikomeye, mukarere ka karubone gake hagati yimigozi yombi kugirango urushinge rwa martensite rwinshi, bivamo ubushyuhe bwaho.Austenite isigaye mumashyirahamwe arenze urugero ariyongera, kandi umutekano uhagaze.Bitewe n'ubushyuhe bukabije bw'ishyirahamwe rizimya, kristu y'ibyuma ni ntoya, bizatuma kugabanuka gukomera kw'ibice, kurwanya ingaruka bigabanuka, kandi ubuzima bwo kubyara nabwo buragabanuka.Ubushyuhe bukabije burashobora no gutera kuzimya.
Ubushuhe
Kuzimya ubushyuhe buri hasi cyangwa gukonjesha nabi bizatanga umusaruro urenze ishyirahamwe risanzwe rya Torrhenite muri microstructure, rizwi nkumuryango udashyuha, utuma ubukana bugabanuka, kwihanganira kwambara bigabanuka cyane, bikagira ingaruka kubuzima bwibice bigize uruziga.
Kuzimya ibice
Uruziga rufite ibice muburyo bwo kuzimya no gukonjesha bitewe nihungabana ryimbere ryashizeho ibice byitwa kuzimya.Impamvu zitera gutya ni: kubera kuzimya ubushyuhe bwo gushyuha buri hejuru cyane cyangwa gukonja birihuta cyane, guhagarika ubushyuhe hamwe nubunini bwibyuma bihinduka mugutegura imihangayiko birenze imbaraga zo kuvunika ibyuma;ubuso bwakazi bwubusembwa bwumwimerere (nkibice byo hejuru cyangwa ibishushanyo) cyangwa inenge zimbere mubyuma (nka slag, ibintu bikomeye bitari ibyuma, ibibara byera, ibisigara bigabanuka, nibindi) mugihe cyo kuzimya kwibumbira hamwe;Ubuso bukabije bwa decarburisation no gutandukanya Carbide;ibice byazimye nyuma yubushyuhe budahagije cyangwa burigihe;imbeho ikonje iterwa nuburyo bwabanje ni nini cyane, guhimba gukubitwa, gukata cyane, gukata amavuta impande zikarishye nibindi.Muri make, igitera kuzimya gishobora kuba kimwe cyangwa byinshi mubintu byavuzwe haruguru, kuba hari imihangayiko yimbere niyo mpamvu nyamukuru yo gushiraho ibice.Kuzimya ibice byimbitse kandi byoroshye, hamwe no kuvunika kugororotse kandi nta bara ya okiside ifite hejuru yamenetse.Akenshi ni agace karekare karekare cyangwa impeta imeze nk'impeta kuri cola;imiterere kumupira wibyuma bifata S-S, T-shusho cyangwa impeta.Ibiranga imitunganyirize yo kuzimya ibice ntabwo ari ibintu bya decarburisation kumpande zombi zacitse, bitandukanijwe neza no guhimba ibice.
Ubushyuhe bwo kuvura
NACHI ifite ibice mukuvura ubushyuhe, hariho impungenge zumuriro hamwe nihungabana ryumuteguro, iyi mihangayiko yimbere irashobora kurenga kuri mugenzi we cyangwa kugabanuka igice, biragoye kandi birahinduka, kuko birashobora guhinduka hamwe nubushyuhe, ubushyuhe, uburyo bwo gukonjesha, gukonja igipimo, imiterere nubunini bwibice, bityo kuvugurura ubushyuhe byanze bikunze.Menya kandi umenye amategeko agenga amategeko arashobora gukora deformasiyo yibice bitwara (nka oval ya cola, ubunini hejuru, nibindi) byashyizwe murwego rushobora kugenzurwa, bifasha umusaruro.Birumvikana ko muburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe bwo kugongana na mashini bizatuma ibice bihinduka, ariko iri hinduka rirashobora gukoreshwa mugutezimbere imikorere yo kugabanya no kwirinda.
Ubuso bwa decarburisation
Ibikoresho bya Roller bifite ibice murwego rwo gutunganya ubushyuhe, niba bishyushye muburyo bwa okiside, ubuso buzaba okiside kuburyo ibice byubuso bwa karuboni bigabanutse, bikavamo decarburisation.Ubujyakuzimu bwubuso bwa decarburisiyoneri burenze gutunganyirizwa kwanyuma kwamafaranga yo kugumana bizatuma ibice bivaho.Kumenya ubujyakuzimu bwa decarburisation yubuso mugupima metallografi yuburyo buboneka metallographic nuburyo bwa microhardness.Microhardness ikwirakwiza umurongo wubuso bushingiye kuburyo bwo gupima, kandi irashobora gukoreshwa nkigipimo nkemurampaka.
Ahantu horoheje
Bitewe n'ubushyuhe budahagije, gukonjesha nabi, ibikorwa byo kuzimya biterwa n'ubuso budakwiriye bwo hejuru bwibice bya roller ntabwo ari ibintu bihagije bizwi nko kuzimya ahantu horoheje.Nukumeze nka decarburisation yo hejuru irashobora gutera kugabanuka gukabije kwimyambarire yo hejuru hamwe nimbaraga zumunaniro.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza-05-2023