Gutunganya ubushyuhe bivuga uburyo bw'ubushyuhe bw'icyuma aho ibikoresho bishyushya, bigafatwa kandi bigakonjeshwa hakoreshejwe ubushyuhe mu buryo bukomeye kugira ngo haboneke imiterere n'imiterere byifuzwa.
I. Gukoresha ubushyuhe
1, Guhindura ibintu mu buryo busanzwe: ibice by'icyuma cyangwa ibyuma bishyushye kugeza ku rugero rwo hejuru rwa AC3 cyangwa ACM hejuru y'ubushyuhe bukwiye kugira ngo bigumane igihe runaka nyuma yo gukonja mu kirere, kugira ngo haboneke ubwoko bw'uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe bumeze nk'ubw'urutare.
2, Annealing: icyuma gishyushye kugeza kuri AC3 hejuru ya dogere 20-40, nyuma yo kubikwa igihe runaka, itanura rikonje buhoro buhoro (cyangwa ripfundikiye mu mucanga cyangwa mu muringa) kugeza kuri dogere 500 munsi y'ubukonje mu gikorwa cyo gutunganya ubushyuhe bw'umwuka.
3, Gutunganya ubushyuhe bw'umuti ukomeye: ifu ishyushywa ku bushyuhe bwinshi bw'icyiciro kimwe cy'ubushyuhe buhoraho kugira ngo ikomeze, ku buryo igice cy'inyongera gishonga neza mu muti ukomeye, hanyuma kigakonjeshwa vuba kugira ngo haboneke uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe bw'umuti ukomeye wuzuye.
4、Kusaza: Nyuma yo gushyushya neza cyangwa guhindura plastike ikonje, iyo ishyizwe ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba cyangwa ikabikwa ku bushyuhe buri hejuru gato ugereranyije n'ubushyuhe bw'icyumba, imiterere yayo irahinduka uko igihe kigenda.
5, Gutunganya umuti ukomeye: kugira ngo ifumbire mu byiciro bitandukanye ishonge neza, ikomeze umuti ukomeye kandi yongere ubukana n'ubudahangarwa bw'ingese, ikureho stress no koroshya, kugira ngo ikomeze gutunganya ibumba.
6, Uburyo bwo kuvura gusaza: gushyushya no gufata ku bushyuhe bw'imvura yo mu cyiciro cyo gushimangira, kugira ngo imvura yo mu cyiciro cyo gushimangira ihute, ikomere, kandi yongere imbaraga.
7, Kuzimya: gukonjesha icyuma nyuma yo gukonjesha ku gipimo gikwiye cyo gukonjesha, ku buryo igikoresho cyo gukora mu gice cy’imiterere yose cyangwa runaka idakora neza nk'impinduka za martensite mu buryo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe.
8, Gushyushya: igikoresho cyazimye kizashyushya kugeza ku rugero rwa AC1 munsi y'ubushyuhe bukwiye mu gihe runaka, hanyuma gikonjeshwe hakurikijwe ibisabwa n'uburyo, kugira ngo haboneke imiterere n'imiterere byifuzwa by'uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe.
9, Gukoresha carbonitriding mu byuma: gukoresha carbonitriding mu byuma bikoreshwa mu buryo bwa "carbonitriding" bishyirwa hejuru y'icyuma icyarimwe, ariko bikinjira mu buryo bwa "carbonitriding" na "azote". Gukoresha carbonitriding mu buryo bwa "carbonitriding" bizwi kandi nka cyanide, gukoresha carbonitriding mu byuma bishyushye cyane na "carbonitriding" mu byuma bishyushye cyane (ni ukuvuga "gas nitrocarburizing") bikoreshwa cyane. Intego nyamukuru ya "carbonitriding" mu byuma bishyushye cyane ni ukunoza ubukana, kudashira no gukomera kw'icyuma. Gukoresha carbonitriding mu byuma bishyushye cyane biva kuri nitriding, intego yayo nyamukuru ni kunoza uburyo icyuma kidashira no kudashira.
10, Gutunganya no gushyushya (kuzimya no gushyushya): uburyo rusange buzazimwa kandi bugashyushya ku bushyuhe bwinshi hamwe n'uburyo bushyushya buzwi nka Gutunganya no gushyushya. Gutunganya no gushyushya bikoreshwa cyane mu bice bitandukanye by'ingenzi by'imiterere, cyane cyane ibikoreshwa munsi y'imitwaro myinshi ihuza, bolts, gears n'imirongo. Gutunganya no gushyushya nyuma yo gushyushya kugira ngo ubone uburyo bushyushye bwo gushyushya, imiterere yabyo ya mekanike iruta ubukana bumwe bw'uburyo busanzwe bwo gutunganya no gushyushya. Ubukana bwayo buterwa n'ubushyuhe bwo gushyushya ubushyuhe bwinshi n'uburyo icyuma gihamye bwo gushyushya n'ingano y'ibice by'akazi, muri rusange hagati ya HB200-350.
11, Gushyiramo icyuma gishyushya: hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bishyushya bizaba ubwoko bubiri bw'uburyo bwo gushyushya bufatanye n'uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe.
II.Tibiranga inzira
Gutunganya ubushyuhe bw'icyuma ni imwe mu nzira z'ingenzi mu nganda zikora imashini, ugereranije n'izindi nzira zo gukora imashini, muri rusange ntabwo bihindura imiterere y'icyuma n'imiterere yacyo muri rusange, ahubwo bihindura imiterere y'imbere y'icyuma, cyangwa guhindura imiterere ya shimi y'ubuso bw'icyuma, kugira ngo bitange cyangwa binoze ikoreshwa ry'icyuma. Birangwa no kunoza ubwiza bw'icyuma, ubusanzwe bitagaragara ku maso. Kugira ngo icyuma gikoreshwe gifite imiterere ikenewe ya mashini, imiterere ifatika n'imiterere ya shimi, uretse guhitamo ibikoresho bikwiye n'uburyo butandukanye bwo kubumba, uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe akenshi ni ngombwa. Icyuma ni cyo gikoreshwa cyane mu nganda zikora imashini, imiterere migufi y'icyuma, gishobora kugenzurwa no gutunganya ubushyuhe, bityo gutunganya ubushyuhe bw'icyuma ni cyo kintu cy'ingenzi mu gutunganya ubushyuhe bw'icyuma. Byongeye kandi, aluminiyumu, umuringa, manyeziyumu, titaniyumu n'ibindi bikoresho bishobora no kuba uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe kugira ngo bihindure imiterere yacyo ya mashini, imiterere ifatika n'imiti, kugira ngo bibone imikorere itandukanye.
III.Taratunganya
Uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe muri rusange burimo gushyushya, gufata, gukonjesha inzira eshatu, rimwe na rimwe gushyushya no gukonjesha inzira ebyiri gusa. Izi nzira zifitanye isano, ntizishobora guhagarara.
Gushyushya ni imwe mu nzira z'ingenzi zo gutunganya ubushyuhe. Gutunganya ubushyuhe bw'icyuma hakoreshejwe uburyo bwinshi bwo gushyushya, icya mbere ni ugukoresha amakara n'amakara nk'isoko y'ubushyuhe, gukoresha ibicanwa by'amazi na gazi vuba aha. Gukoresha amashanyarazi bituma gushyushya byoroha kubigenzura, kandi nta kwanduza ibidukikije. Gukoresha ubu bushyuhe bishobora gushyushywa mu buryo butaziguye, ariko nanone binyuze mu munyu washongeshejwe cyangwa icyuma, ku duce duto two mu mazi kugira ngo bishyushye mu buryo butaziguye.
Gushyushya ibyuma, igikoresho gikorerwamo gihura n’umwuka, ogisijeni, gusibangana kwa karuboni mu bice by’icyuma akenshi bibaho (ni ukuvuga ko ingano ya karuboni mu bice by’icyuma igabanuka), ibyo bikaba bigira ingaruka mbi cyane ku miterere y’ibice byavuwe n’ubushyuhe. Kubwibyo, icyuma gikunze kuba kiri mu kirere gicungwa cyangwa mu kirere kirinda, umunyu washongeshejwe n’ubushyuhe bw’imashini, ariko kandi haboneka n’uburyo bwo gupfunyika cyangwa uburyo bwo gupfunyika mu buryo bwo gushyushya.
Ubushyuhe bushyuha ni kimwe mu bipimo by'ingenzi by'uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe, guhitamo no kugenzura ubushyuhe bushyuha, ni ukureba ireme ry'uburyo ubushyuhe bukoreshwa mu gutunganya ibintu by'ingenzi. Ubushyuhe bushyuha buratandukanye bitewe n'ibikoresho by'icyuma byavuwe n'intego yo gutunganya ubushyuhe, ariko muri rusange bushyuha hejuru y'ubushyuhe bw'impinduka kugira ngo haboneke imiterere y'ubushyuhe bwinshi. Byongeye kandi, guhindura bisaba igihe runaka, bityo iyo ubuso bw'icyuma bumaze gukoreshwa kugira ngo bugere ku bushyuhe bukenewe, ariko nanone bugomba kuguma kuri ubu bushyuhe mu gihe runaka, kugira ngo ubushyuhe bw'imbere n'inyuma bube buhamye, kugira ngo impinduka mu miterere y'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga zibe zuzuye, bizwi nka igihe cyo gufata. Gukoresha uburyo bwo gushyushya n'ubushyuhe bw'ingufu nyinshi, igipimo cyo gushyushya ni cyihuta cyane, muri rusange nta gihe cyo gufata, mu gihe uburyo bwo gufata ubushyuhe bwa shimi akenshi buba burebure.
Gukonjesha nabyo ni intambwe y'ingenzi mu gikorwa cyo gutunganya ubushyuhe, uburyo bwo gukonjesha buterwa n'imikorere itandukanye, ahanini kugira ngo hagenzurwe igipimo cyo gukonjesha. Igipimo rusange cyo gukonjesha ni cyo gihe gito cyane, kuvugurura igipimo cyo gukonjesha ni vuba, kuzimya igipimo cyo gukonjesha ni vuba. Ariko kandi bitewe n'ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibyuma kandi bifite ibisabwa bitandukanye, nko kuba ibyuma bikomeye bishobora kuzimwa ku gipimo kimwe cyo gukonjesha no kuvugurura.
IV.Pgushyira mu byiciro imiterere y'uruhererekane rw'imirongo
Uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe bw'icyuma bushobora kugabanywamo ibice bitatu: uburyo bwose bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe, uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe bwo hejuru n'uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe bwa chimique. Dukurikije uburyo bwo gushyushya, uburyo bwo gushyushya n'uburyo bwo gukonjesha, buri cyiciro gishobora gutandukanywa mu buryo butandukanye bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe. Icyuma kimwe gikoresha uburyo butandukanye bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe, gishobora kugira imiterere itandukanye, bityo kikagira imiterere itandukanye. Icyuma n'icyuma ni byo byuma bikoreshwa cyane mu nganda, kandi imiterere y'icyuma nayo ni yo igoye cyane, bityo hariho uburyo butandukanye bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe bw'icyuma.
Uburyo bwose bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe ni ugushyushya icyuma cyose, hanyuma kigakonjeshwa ku gipimo gikwiye, kugira ngo haboneke imiterere ikenewe mu byuma, kugira ngo hahindurwe imiterere yacyo muri rusange mu buryo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe bw'icyuma. Uburyo rusange bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe bw'icyuma butuma icyuma gikomeza gushyuha, kugitunganya, kugizimya no kugitwika inzira enye z'ibanze.
Uburyo bwo gukora busobanura:
Gushyushya ni uburyo icyuma gishyushya ubushyuhe bukwiye, hakurikijwe ibikoresho n'ingano yacyo hakoreshejwe igihe gitandukanye cyo gufata, hanyuma kigakonjeshwa buhoro buhoro, intego ni ugukora imiterere y'imbere y'icyuma kugira ngo kigere ku rugero cyangwa hafi y'uko ibintu biri, kugira ngo kibone imikorere myiza n'imikorere myiza, cyangwa kugira ngo kirusheho kuzimya kugira ngo gitegure neza.
Guhindura ibintu mu buryo busanzwe ni uko igikoresho gishyushya ubushyuhe bukwiye nyuma yo gukonja mu kirere, ingaruka zo guhindura ibintu mu buryo busanzwe zisa no gufunga, ariko bigatuma habaho imiterere myiza, akenshi ikoreshwa mu kunoza imikorere y'ibikoresho, ariko rimwe na rimwe ikoreshwa ku bice bimwe na bimwe bidasaba imbaraga nyinshi nk'uburyo bwa nyuma bwo kuvura ubushyuhe.
Kuzimya ni byo igikoresho gishyushya kandi gishyirwa mu mazi, amavuta cyangwa indi myunyu idakomoka ku bimera, imiti y’amazi y’umwimerere n’ubundi buryo bwo kuzimya kugira ngo bikonje vuba. Nyuma yo kuzimya, ibice by’icyuma birakomera, ariko icyarimwe bigacika intege, kugira ngo ukureho ubukomere ku gihe, muri rusange ni ngombwa ko bikonjesha ku gihe.
Kugira ngo bigabanye ubushyuhe bw'ibice by'icyuma, ibice by'icyuma byazimye ku bushyuhe bukwiye buri hejuru y'ubushyuhe bw'icyumba kandi biri munsi ya 650 ℃ mu gihe kirekire cyo gushyushya, hanyuma bigakonjeshwa, iyi nzira yitwa tempering. Gushyiramo, kuvugurura, kuzimya, gushyushya ni uburyo rusange bwo kuvura ubushyuhe muri "inkongi enye", aho kuzimya no gushyushya bifitanye isano ya hafi, akenshi bikoreshwa hamwe, kimwe ni ngombwa. "Inkongi enye" hamwe n'ubushyuhe n'uburyo bwo gukonjesha bitandukanye, kandi byahinduye uburyo butandukanye bwo kuvura ubushyuhe. Kugira ngo haboneke imbaraga n'ubukonje runaka, kuzimya no gushyushya ku bushyuhe bwinshi bihujwe n'uburyo, buzwi nka tempering. Nyuma y'uko alloys zimwe na zimwe zizimye kugira ngo zikore umuti ukomeye, zibikwa ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba cyangwa ku bushyuhe buri hejuru gato igihe kirekire kugira ngo hongerwe ubukana, imbaraga, cyangwa ingufu z'amashanyarazi z'alloy. Ubu buryo bwo kuvura ubushyuhe bwitwa gusaza.
Guhindura imiterere y'igitutu no kuvura ubushyuhe neza kandi bihujwe neza kugira ngo bikore neza, kugira ngo igikoresho kibone imbaraga nziza cyane, gukomera hamwe n'uburyo buzwi nka deformation heat treatment; mu kirere gifite umuvuduko mubi cyangwa vacuum mu bushyuhe buzwi nka vacuum heat treatment, bushobora gutuma igikoresho kidakora oxidation, ntigikore carburize, kigumane ubuso bw'igikoresho nyuma yo kugitunganya, kinoze imikorere y'igikoresho, ahubwo kinanyuze muri osmotic agent mu kuvura ubushyuhe bwa shimi.
Gutunganya ubushyuhe bw'ubuso ni ugushyushya gusa urwego rw'ubuso bw'igikoresho kugira ngo hahindurwe imiterere y'urwego rw'ubuso rw'uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe bw'icyuma. Kugira ngo hashyushye gusa urwego rw'ubuso bw'igikoresho nta bushyuhe bwinshi bwinjizwe mu kintu, gukoresha isoko y'ubushyuhe bigomba kugira ubucucike bwinshi bw'ingufu, ni ukuvuga, mu gice cy'igikoresho kugira ngo habeho ingufu nyinshi z'ubushyuhe, kugira ngo urwego rw'ubuso bw'igikoresho cyangwa aho giherereye rushobore kuba igihe gito cyangwa ako kanya kugira ngo rugere ku bushyuhe bwinshi. Gutunganya ubushyuhe bw'ubuso bw'uburyo bw'ingenzi bwo kuzimya umuriro no gutunganya ubushyuhe bw'inyongera, amasoko y'ubushyuhe akunze gukoreshwa nka oxyacetylene cyangwa oxypropane flame, induction current, laser na electron beam.
Gutunganya ubushyuhe bwa chimique ni uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe bw'icyuma binyuze mu guhindura imiterere ya chimique, imiterere n'imiterere y'urwego rw'ubuso bw'igikoresho. Gutunganya ubushyuhe bwa chimique bitandukanye no gutunganya ubushyuhe bw'ubuso kuko ubwa mbere buhindura imiterere ya chimique y'urwego rw'ubuso bw'igikoresho. Gutunganya ubushyuhe bwa chimique bishyirwa ku gice cy'umurimo kirimo karubone, umunyu cyangwa ibindi bintu bivangavanga by'umwuka (gaze, amazi, ibikomeye) mu bushyuhe, ubushyuhe mu gihe kirekire, kugira ngo urwego rw'ubuso bw'igikoresho rwinjiremo karubone, azote, boroni na chromium n'ibindi bintu. Nyuma yo kwinjira mu bintu, ndetse rimwe na rimwe n'izindi nzira zo gutunganya ubushyuhe nko kuzimya no gushyushya. Uburyo bw'ingenzi bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe bwa chimique ni ugushyira kaburimbo, nitriding, kwinjira mu byuma.
Gutunganya ubushyuhe ni imwe mu nzira z'ingenzi mu gukora ibice bya mekanike n'ibibumbano. Muri rusange, bishobora kwemeza no kunoza imiterere itandukanye y'igikoresho, nko kudasaza, kudahura n'ingufu. Bishobora kandi kunoza imiterere y'ahantu hadafite ikintu n'ingufu, kugira ngo byorohereze uburyo butandukanye bwo gutunganya ibintu bikonje n'ibishyushye.
Urugero: icyuma cyera nyuma y'igihe kirekire gikoreshwa mu gukurura ibintu bishobora kuboneka mu buryo bworoshye, kunoza imiterere y'icyuma; ibikoresho bifite uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe, igihe cyo gukora gishobora kuba kirekire cyane, cyangwa inshuro nyinshi; byongeye kandi, icyuma cya karuboni gihendutse mu kwinjira mu bintu bimwe na bimwe bivanze bifite imikorere ihenze y'icyuma, bishobora gusimbura icyuma kidashyuha, icyuma kidashyuha; ibibumbano n'ibishishwa hafi ya byose bikenewe mu gutunganya ubushyuhe. Bishobora gukoreshwa gusa nyuma yo gutunganya ubushyuhe.
Uburyo bw'inyongera
I. Ubwoko bw'uburyo bwo gufunga
Annealing ni uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe aho igikoresho gishyushya ubushyuhe bukwiye, kigahora gikonjeshwa igihe runaka, hanyuma kigakonjeshwa buhoro buhoro.
Hari ubwoko bwinshi bw'uburyo bwo gushyushya ibyuma, hakurikijwe ubushyuhe bushyuha bushobora kugabanywamo ibice bibiri: kimwe kiri ku bushyuhe bw'ingenzi (Ac1 cyangwa Ac3) hejuru y'aho gushyushya, kizwi kandi nka phase change recrystallization annealing, harimo complete annealing, complete annealing, spheroidal annealing na diffusion annealing (homogenization annealing), nibindi; ikindi kiri munsi y'ubushyuhe bw'ingenzi bw'aho gushyushya, harimo recrystallization annealing na de-stressing annealing, nibindi. Dukurikije uburyo bwo gukonjesha, annealing ishobora kugabanywamo isothermal annealing na continuous cooling annealing.
1, gufunga burundu no gufunga isothermal
Gufunga byuzuye, bizwi kandi nka recrystallization annealing, muri rusange byitwa annealing, ni icyuma cyangwa icyuma gishyushye kuri Ac3 iri hejuru ya 20 ~ 30 ℃, gishyushya bihagije kugira ngo ikigo gikomeze gukonjesha nyuma yo gukonjesha buhoro, kugira ngo habeho uburinganire mu gutunganya ubushyuhe. Uku gufunga bikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gukora ibyuma bitandukanye bya karuboni na alloy, forgings na hot-rolled profiles, ndetse rimwe na rimwe binakoreshwa mu byuma bivanze. Muri rusange akenshi ni uburyo bwinshi bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe bwa nyuma butari buremereye, cyangwa nk'uburyo bwo gutunganya mbere yo gushyushya bimwe mu byuma.
2, gufunga umupira
Guteranya ibyuma bikozwe mu cyuma gishyushya ibyuma bikoreshwa cyane mu byuma bishyushya ibyuma (nk'imashini zikora ibikoresho bifite impande, ibipimo, imashini zikoresha ibyuma n'ibindi bikoreshwa mu byuma). Intego yabyo nyamukuru ni ukugabanya ubukana, kunoza ubushobozi bwo gukora ibyuma, no gutegura kuzimya umuriro mu gihe kizaza.
3, uburyo bwo kugabanya stress
Gutera imbaraga mu kugabanya stress, bizwi kandi nka annealing yo mu bushyuhe buke (cyangwa tempering yo mu bushyuhe bwinshi), iyi annealing ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gukuraho castings, forgings, weldments, hot-zing pieces, cool-small stress parties n'indi stress isigaye. Iyo iyi stress idakuweho, izatuma icyuma nyuma y'igihe runaka, cyangwa mu gihe cyo gukata gikurikiraho kikabyara stress cyangwa breakage.
4. Gushyushya icyuma ku buryo butuzuye ni ugushyushya icyuma kuri Ac1 ~ Ac3 (icyuma cyo munsi ya eutectic) cyangwa Ac1 ~ ACcm (icyuma cyo hejuru ya eutectic) hagati yo kubika ubushyuhe no gukonjesha buhoro kugira ngo habeho gahunda iringaniye y'uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe.
II.kuzimya, uburyo bukunze gukoreshwa cyane bwo gukonjesha ni amazi y'umunyu, amazi n'amavuta.
Kuzimya amazi y'umunyu ku gikoresho cyo gukoraho, byoroshye kubona ubukana bwinshi n'ubuso bworoshye, ntabwo byoroshye kugizimya atari ahantu hakomeye horoshye, ariko biroroshye kugizimya. Guhinduka kw'igikoresho cyo gukoraho ni ikintu gikomeye, ndetse kinacika. Gukoresha amavuta nk'igikoresho cyo kuzimya bibereye gusa kugira ngo austenite ikonje cyane ishobore kugumana ubuziranenge bw'icyuma gikonjesha cyangwa igice gito cy'icyuma cyo gukoraho cya karuboni.
III.intego yo gushyushya icyuma
1, kugabanya ububobere, gukuraho cyangwa kugabanya ububobere bw'imbere, kuzimya icyuma hari ububobere bwinshi bw'imbere n'ububobere, nko kudakonjesha ku gihe akenshi bituma icyuma gihinduka cyangwa kikameneka.
2, kugira ngo ubone imiterere ikenewe ya mekanike y'igikoresho, igikoresho nyuma yo kuzimya ubukana bwinshi n'ubudahangarwa, kugira ngo wuzuze ibisabwa by'imiterere itandukanye y'ibikoresho bitandukanye, ushobora guhindura ubukana binyuze mu gushyushya bikwiye kugira ngo ugabanye ubudahangarwa bw'ubudahangarwa bukenewe, ubudahangarwa.
3. Gutuza ingano y'igikoresho
4, kuko gufunga ibintu bigoye koroshya ibyuma bimwe na bimwe bya alloy, mu kuzimya (cyangwa kuvugurura) bikunze gukoreshwa nyuma yo gushyushya cyane, kugira ngo karubide y'icyuma ihuzwe neza, ubukana buzagabanuka, kugira ngo byorohere gukata no gutunganya.
Ibitekerezo by'inyongera
1, gufunga: bivuga ibikoresho by'icyuma bishyushye ku bushyuhe bukwiye, bikabikwa mu gihe runaka, hanyuma bigakonjeshwa buhoro buhoro. Ibikorwa bisanzwe byo gufunga ni: gufunga no kongera gukoresha ikristale, gufunga no kugabanya stress, gufunga no kugabanya spheroidal, gufunga byuzuye, nibindi. Intego yo gufunga: ahanini ni ukugabanya ubukana bw'ibikoresho by'icyuma, kunoza plasticity, kugira ngo byorohereze gukata cyangwa gukoresha ingufu, kugabanya imihangayiko isigaye, kunoza imiterere n'imiterere ya homogenization, cyangwa kugira ngo ubushyuhe bwa nyuma bukomeze kwitegura.
2, guhuza: bivuga icyuma cyangwa icyuma gishyushye cyangwa (icyuma kiri ku bushyuhe bukabije) hejuru, 30 ~ 50 ℃ kugira ngo bigumane igihe gikwiye, gukonjesha mu gihe cyo gutunganya ubushyuhe butuje. Intego yo guhuza: ahanini ni ukunoza imiterere ya mekanike y'icyuma gito cya karuboni, kunoza uburyo bwo gukata no gutunganya, gutunganya ibinyampeke, gukuraho inenge mu miterere, kugira ngo ubushyuhe bwa nyuma butegure imiterere.
3, kuzimya: bivuga icyuma gishyushye kuri Ac3 cyangwa Ac1 (icyuma kiri munsi y'ubushyuhe bw'ingenzi) kiri hejuru y'ubushyuhe runaka, kigumana igihe runaka, hanyuma kikagera ku gipimo gikwiye cyo gukonjesha, kugira ngo haboneke uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe bwa martensite (cyangwa bainite). Uburyo busanzwe bwo kuzimya ni ukuzimya inshuro imwe, kuzimya inshuro ebyiri, kuzimya martensite, kuzimya isothermal ya bainite, kuzimya ubuso no kuzimya aho biri. Intego yo kuzimya: kugira ngo ibice by'icyuma bibone uburyo bwo gutunganya martensite bukenewe, binoze ubukana bw'ikintu gikorerwamo, imbaraga n'ubudahangarwa, kugira ngo ubushyuhe bwa nyuma butegurwe neza.
4, gushyushya: bivuga icyuma gikonjeshwa, hanyuma gishyushywa kugeza ku bushyuhe buri munsi ya Ac1, igihe cyo gufata, hanyuma kigakonjeshwa kugeza ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba. Uburyo busanzwe bwo gushyushya ni: gushyushya ubushyuhe buri hasi, gushyushya ubushyuhe buri hagati, gushyushya ubushyuhe bwinshi no gushyushya inshuro nyinshi.
Intego yo gukonjesha: ahanini ni ukugabanya umuvuduko uterwa n'icyuma mu kuzimya, kugira ngo icyuma kigire ubukana bwinshi n'ubudasaza, kandi kigire ubuziranenge n'ubukomere bukenewe.
5, gushyushya: bivuga icyuma cyangwa icyuma cyo kuzimya no gushyushya ubushyuhe bwinshi mu buryo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe buvanze. Bikoreshwa mu gushyushya icyuma cyitwa icyuma gishyushye. Muri rusange bivuga icyuma gishyushye cyo mu rwego rwa karuboni n'icyuma gishyushye cyo mu rwego rwa karuboni.
6, carburizing: carburizing ni inzira yo gutuma atome za karuboni zinjira mu cyuma. Nanone ni ugukora icyuma gikozwe mu cyuma gifite urwego rw'ubuso rw'icyuma gifite karuboni nyinshi, hanyuma nyuma yo kuzimya no gushyushya ubushyuhe buke, ku buryo urwego rw'ubuso rw'icyuma rufite ubukana bwinshi n'ubudahangarwa, mu gihe igice cyo hagati cy'icyuma gikomeza gukomera no gukomera nk'icyuma gifite karuboni nke.
Uburyo bwo gukora isuku
Kubera ko ibikorwa byo gushyushya no gukonjesha by'ibikoresho by'icyuma bisaba ibikorwa icumi cyangwa mirongo kugira ngo birangire. Ibi bikorwa mu itanura rikoreshwa mu gutunganya ubushyuhe bw'icyuma, umukozi ntashobora kwegera, bityo urwego rw'imikorere y'itanura rikoreshwa mu gutunganya ubushyuhe bw'icyuma rugomba kuba ruri hejuru. Muri icyo gihe, ibikorwa bimwe na bimwe, nko gushyushya no gufata impera y'igikorwa cyo kuzimya icyuma bigomba kuba ibikorwa bitandatu, birindwi kandi bikarangira mu masegonda 15. Imiterere nk'iyo yoroshye kurangiza ibikorwa byinshi, biroroshye gutera ubwoba bw'ukoresha kandi bikaba imikorere mibi. Kubwibyo, urwego rwo hejuru rw'imikorere y'icyuma nirwo rwonyine rushobora kuba imikorere nyayo kandi ijyanye n'igihe hakurikijwe gahunda.
Gutunganya ubushyuhe bw'ibikoresho by'icyuma bikozwe mu itanura rifunze, gufunga neza ibikoresho by'icyuma bizwi cyane. Kubwibyo, kugira ngo ubone kandi ukurikize igipimo cy'umwuka w'itanura usohoka mbere, kugira ngo urebe ko icyuma gikoresha ibikoresho by'icyuma bifunze, kugira ngo urebe ko ubwiza bw'ibikoresho by'icyuma bifunze bifite akamaro kanini. Bityo rero, ikibazo cy'ingenzi cy'itanura rikoresha ibikoresho by'icyuma ni ukugira imiterere yizewe yo gufunga ibikoresho by'icyuma. Kugira ngo urebe ko icyuma gikoresha ibikoresho by'icyuma gifunze neza, imiterere y'imiterere y'itanura rikoresha ibikoresho by'icyuma igomba gukurikiza ihame ry'ibanze, ni ukuvuga ko icyuma gikoresha ibikoresho byo gusudira bidakoresha gazi, mu gihe icyuma gikoresha ibikoresho by'icyuma gifunze bike bishoboka kugira ngo gifungure cyangwa kidafungure umwobo, kugira ngo hagabanywe cyangwa hadakoreshejwe imiterere ihindagurika, kugira ngo hagabanywe amahirwe yo gusohora ibikoresho by'icyuma. Ibikoresho by'ibikoresho, nk'amashanyarazi akonjeshejwe n'amazi, igikoresho cyo kohereza ibintu muri thermocouple nacyo kigomba gutegurwa kugira ngo gifunge imiterere.
Ibikoresho byinshi bishyushya no gushyushya bishobora gukoreshwa gusa munsi y’ibikoresho bishyushya. Ibikoresho bishyushya n’ibishyushya biri mu bikoresho bishyushya kandi bikoresha ubushyuhe bwinshi, bityo ibi bikoresho bitanga ubushobozi bwo kwirinda ubushyuhe bwinshi, ibisubizo by’imirasire, ubushobozi bwo gutwara ubushyuhe n’ibindi bisabwa. Ibisabwa kugira ngo habeho kudashyushya ntabwo biri hejuru. Kubwibyo, ibikoresho bishyushya bikoresha cyane tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum na grafiti mu bikoresho bishyushya no gushyushya. Ibi bikoresho biroroshye cyane kubikoresha mu kirere, bityo, ibikoresho bisanzwe bishyushya ntibishobora gukoresha ibi bikoresho bishyushya no gushyushya.
Igikoresho gikonjeshwa n'amazi: igipfundikizo cy'itanura rikoresha ubushyuhe bw'imvange, igipfundikizo cy'itanura, ibikoresho bishyushya by'amashanyarazi, electrode zikonjeshwa n'amazi, urugi rwo hagati rukoresha ubushyuhe bw'imvange n'ibindi bice, biri mu cyuma gikonjeshwa, munsi y'ubushyuhe. Bikozwe mu bihe nk'ibi bibi cyane, bigomba gukorwa neza ko imiterere ya buri gice idahinduka cyangwa ngo yangirike, kandi ko agafunga k'imvange kadashyushye cyane cyangwa ngo gatwikwe. Kubwibyo, buri gice kigomba gushyirwaho hakurikijwe imiterere itandukanye y'ibikoresho bikonjesha amazi kugira ngo icyuma gikoresha ubushyuhe bw'imvange gikore neza kandi kigire igihe gihagije cyo gukoreshwa.
Gukoresha icyuma gishyushya gifite ingufu nke: icyuma gishyushya gifite ingufu nke, iyo icyuma gishyushya gifite ingufu nke za lxlo-1 torr, icyuma gishyushya cy’icyuma gishyushya gifite ingufu nyinshi, bizatanga umusaruro uturutse ku rumuri. Mu itanura rishyushya, icyuma gishyushya cyane kizatwika icyuma gishyushya, urwego rwo gushyushya, bigatera impanuka zikomeye n'igihombo. Kubwibyo, icyuma gishyushya gifite ingufu nyinshi muri rusange ntabwo kirenze volti 80 kuri 100. Muri icyo gihe, mu gishushanyo mbonera cy’icyuma gishyushya gifite ingufu nke, hagomba gufatwa ingamba zifatika, nko kugerageza kwirinda kugira impera y’ibice, intera hagati ya electrode n’amashanyarazi ntishobora kuba nto cyane, kugira ngo hirindwe ko urumuri rusohoka cyangwa urumuri rusohoka.
Gupima
Dukurikije ibisabwa mu mikorere itandukanye y'igikoresho, dukurikije ubushyuhe bwacyo butandukanye bwo gushyushya, dushobora kugabanywamo ubwoko bukurikira bwo gushyushya:
(a) ubushyuhe buri hasi (dogere 150-250)
Gushyushya ubushyuhe buke bw'icyuma gikozwe muri martensite ishyushye. Intego yacyo ni ugukomeza ubukana bwinshi no kudashira kw'icyuma gishyushye mu rwego rwo kugabanya ubukana bwacyo imbere no kudakomera, kugira ngo hirindwe gucika cyangwa kwangirika vuba mu gihe cyo kuyikoresha. Ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu bikoresho bitandukanye byo gukata karubone nyinshi, ibipimo, ibikoresho bikonje, imigozi izunguruka n'ibice bya kaburimbo, nibindi, nyuma yo gushyushya ubukana muri rusange ni HRC58-64.
(ii) ubushyuhe buringaniye (dogere 250-500)
Uburyo bwo gushyushya ubushyuhe buringaniye ku mubiri wa quartz ushyushye. Intego yayo ni ukugira imbaraga nyinshi, ubushobozi bwo gukurura no gukomera cyane. Kubwibyo, ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu buryo butandukanye bwo gutunganya ifu ishyushye, ubukana bwo gushyushya ubusanzwe ni HRC35-50.
(C) ubushyuhe bwinshi (dogere 500-650)
Gushyushya ubushyuhe bwinshi bw'ikigo cya Sohnite gishyushye. Gushyushya ubushyuhe ku buryo busanzwe no gushyushya ubushyuhe bwinshi bihuriweho bizwi nka tempering treatment, intego yabyo ni ukugira imbaraga, ubukana n'ubukonje, gukomera ni imiterere myiza ya mekanike muri rusange. Kubwibyo, bikoreshwa cyane mu modoka, traktori, ibikoresho by'imashini n'ibindi bice by'ingenzi by'imiterere, nk'inkoni zihuza, bolti, vitesi n'imirongo. Ubukana nyuma yo gushyushya muri rusange ni HB200-330.
Kurinda kwangirika kw'imiterere
Impamvu zituma ibimera bihinduka neza akenshi ziba ingorabahizi, ariko dukoresha uburyo butandukanye bwo kwirinda ko ibimera bihinduka, tugasesengura impamvu zabyo, tugakoresha uburyo butandukanye bwo gukumira ko ibimera bihinduka neza, ariko kandi tukabigenzura. Muri rusange, uburyo bwo kuvura ubushyuhe bwo kuvura ibimera bihinduka neza bushobora gukoresha uburyo bukurikira bwo kwirinda.
(1) Guhitamo ibikoresho neza. Ibikoresho by'ubwoko butandukanye bigomba gutoranywa nk'ibikoresho byiza byo kwangirika kwa microforme (nk'icyuma kizimya umwuka), gutandukanya karubide n'ibyuma bikomeye byo kwangirika bigomba kuba ibikoresho byo kwangirika no gushyushya ubushyuhe, kandi icyuma kinini kandi kidashobora kwangirika gishobora kuba igisubizo gikomeye cyo kwangirika kabiri mu bushyuhe.
(2) Imiterere y'imiterere y'ibihumyo igomba kuba ikwiye, ubugari ntibugomba kuba butandukanye cyane, imiterere igomba kuba ingana, kugira ngo imiterere y'ibihumyo binini irusheho kuba nziza ku itegeko ryo kubihumyo, uburenganzira bwo kubitunganya buhariwe, ku bihumyo binini, bisobanutse neza kandi bigoye bishobora gukoreshwa mu guhuza imiterere.
(3) Ibikoresho by'ibumba bikozwe neza kandi bigoye bigomba kuba uburyo bwo kuvura mbere yo gushyushya kugira ngo bikureho stress isigaye iterwa no gukora imashini.
(4) Guhitamo neza ubushyuhe bwo gushyushya, kugenzura umuvuduko wo gushyushya, kugira ngo habeho uburyo bunoze bwo gushyushya, ibinyabutabire bigoye bishobora gufata uburyo bwo gushyushya buhoro, gushyushya mbere n'ubundi buryo bwo gushyushya buringaniye kugira ngo bigabanye ubushyuhe bw'ibinyabutabire.
(5) Mu rwego rwo kwemeza ubukana bw'ikibumbano, gerageza gukoresha uburyo bwo gukonjesha mbere yo gukonjesha, kuzimya ubukonje mu byiciro cyangwa kuzimya ubushyuhe.
(6) Ku bijyanye n'ibumba rito kandi rigoye, hakurikijwe ibisabwa, gerageza gukoresha uburyo bwo kuzimya ubushyuhe bw'umwuka no gukonjesha cyane nyuma yo kuzimya.
(7) Ku bijyanye n'uburyo bwo gutunganya neza no gutoroshye, hashobora gukoreshwa uburyo bwo gutunganya mbere yo gushyushya, gutunganya ubushyuhe busaza, gutunganya ubushyuhe bushyushye bukoresheje nitriding kugira ngo hagenzurwe uburyo bwo gutunganya neza.
(8) Mu gusana imyobo y'umucanga w'ibihumyo, imyenge, ubusaza n'ibindi bidafite ishingiro, gukoresha imashini ikora ubushyuhe n'ibindi bikoresho bikoreshwa mu gusana kugira ngo hirindwe ko ibintu byangirika.
Byongeye kandi, uburyo bwiza bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe (nk'ugufunga imyobo, imyobo ihambiriye, gushyiraho uburyo bwo gushyushya, uburyo bukwiye bwo guhitamo icyerekezo gikonjesha cy'ibumba n'icyerekezo cy'inzira mu buryo bukonjesha, nibindi) hamwe n'uburyo bukwiye bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe bwo gukonjesha ni ukugabanya ihinduka ry'ubuziranenge bw'ibumba kandi ibumba rikomeye nabyo ni ingamba zifatika.
Gutunganya ubushyuhe no kubushyushya bikunze gukorwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gushyushya cyangwa gushyushya umuriro. Ibipimo by'ingenzi bya tekiniki ni ubukana bw'ubuso, ubukana bw'aho hantu n'ubujyakuzimu bw'urwego rwo gukomera neza. Gupima ubukana bishobora gukoreshwa nk'igikoresho gipima ubukana bwa Vickers, gishobora kandi gukoreshwa nk'igikoresho gipima ubukana bwa Rockwell cyangwa ikindi gipima ubukana bwa Rockwell. Guhitamo imbaraga zo gupima (igipimo) bifitanye isano n'ubujyakuzimu bw'urwego rwo gukomera neza n'ubukana bw'urupapuro rw'akazi. Hari ubwoko butatu bw'ibikoresho bipima ubukana.
Ubwa mbere, Vickers hardness pister ni uburyo bw'ingenzi bwo gupima ubukana bw'ubuso bw'ibikoresho bikorerwaho ubushyuhe, ishobora gutoranywa kuva kuri 0.5 kugeza 100kg by'imbaraga zo gupima, igerageza urwego rwo gukomerezaho ubuso rufite ubugari bwa mm 0.05, kandi ubuziranenge bwarwo ni bwo bwo hejuru, kandi rushobora gutandukanya itandukaniro rito mu bukana bw'ubukana bw'ibikoresho bikorerwaho ubushyuhe. Byongeye kandi, uburebure bw'urwego rwo gukomerezaho bugomba kandi kugaragazwa n'umuhanga mu gupima ubukana bwa Vickers, bityo kugira ngo hakorwe ubushyuhe cyangwa umubare munini w'ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu gupima ubushyuhe bw'ubuso, hakenewe umuhanga mu gupima ubukana bwa Vickers.
Icya kabiri, icyuma gipima ubukana bwa Rockwell gifite ubushobozi bwo gupima ubukana bw'icyuma gipima ubukana bw'ubuso, icyuma gipima ubukana bwa Rockwell gifite ibipimo bitatu byo guhitamo. Gishobora gupima ubukana bw'ubukana burenze 0.1mm bw'icyuma gipima ubukana bw'ubuso butandukanye. Nubwo ubuziranenge bw'icyuma gipima ubukana bwa Rockwell butari hejuru nk'icyuma gipima ubukana bwa Vickers, ariko nk'igikoresho gipima ubuziranenge bw'uruganda rutunganya ubushyuhe n'uburyo bwo kugenzura bwujuje ibisabwa, cyashoboye kuzuza ibisabwa. Byongeye kandi, gifite uburyo bworoshye bwo gukora, bworoshye gukoresha, igiciro gito, gupima byihuse, gishobora gusoma neza agaciro k'ubukana n'ibindi biranga, gukoresha icyuma gipima ubukana bwa Rockwell gishobora kuba itsinda ry'ibikoresho bipima ubushyuhe bw'ubuso kugira ngo bipimwe vuba kandi bitangiza igice ku kindi. Ibi ni ingenzi ku ruganda rutunganya ibyuma n'imashini.
Icya gatatu, iyo urwego rwo hejuru rukoresha ubushyuhe bukabije rubaye runini, hashobora no gukoreshwa Rockwell hard tester. Iyo urwego rwo hejuru rukoresha ubushyuhe rumeze nk'ubunini bwa 0.4 ~ 0.8mm, hashobora gukoreshwa HRA scale, iyo urwego rwo hejuru rurengeje 0.8mm, hashobora gukoreshwa HRC scale.
Vickers, Rockwell na Rockwell yo hejuru bishobora guhindurwa byoroshye, bigahindurwa ku gipimo ngenderwaho, ibishushanyo cyangwa umukoresha akeneye agaciro k'igipimo ngenderwaho. Imbonerahamwe zijyanye n'impinduka zitangwa muri ISO mpuzamahanga, ASTM yo muri Amerika na GB/T yo mu Bushinwa.
Gukomera mu gace runaka
Ibice niba bikenewe ku bukomere bw’aho hantu, ubushyuhe bwinshi buboneka n’ubundi buryo bwo kuvura ubushyuhe bwo kuzimya, ibyo bice akenshi bigomba kugaragaza aho ubushyuhe bwo kuzimya buherereye n’agaciro k’ubukomere bw’aho hantu ku bishushanyo. Isuzuma ry’ubukomere bw’ibice rigomba gukorerwa mu gace kabigenewe. Ibikoresho byo gupima ubukomere bishobora gukoreshwa Rockwell hard testing, isuzuma ry’ubukomere bw’igerageza HRC, nk’uburyo bwo gukomereza ubushyuhe ari buto cyane, bushobora gukoreshwa ubuso bwa Rockwell hard testing, isuzuma ry’ubukomere bw’igerageza HRN.
Uburyo bwo kuvura ubushyuhe hakoreshejwe imiti
Uburyo bwo kuvura ubushyuhe bwa chimique ni ugutuma ubuso bw'igikoresho bugera mu gice kimwe cyangwa byinshi bya atome, kugira ngo bihindure imiterere ya chimique, imiterere n'imikorere y'ubuso bw'igikoresho. Nyuma yo kuzimya no gushyushya ubushyuhe buke, ubuso bw'igikoresho bugira ubukana bwinshi, budashira kandi bukagira imbaraga zo gukoraho umunaniro, mu gihe igice cy'imbere cy'igikoresho kiba gifite ubukana bwinshi.
Dukurikije ibyavuzwe haruguru, kumenya no kwandika ubushyuhe mu gikorwa cyo gutunganya ubushyuhe ni ingenzi cyane, kandi kugenzura ubushyuhe nabi bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku bicuruzwa. Kubwibyo, kumenya ubushyuhe ni ingenzi cyane, icyerekezo cy'ubushyuhe muri icyo gikorwa cyose nacyo ni ingenzi cyane, bigatuma igikorwa cyo gutunganya ubushyuhe kigomba kwandikwa ku mpinduka z'ubushyuhe, bishobora koroshya isesengura ry'amakuru mu gihe kizaza, ariko kandi no kureba igihe ubushyuhe budahuye n'ibisabwa. Ibi bizagira uruhare runini mu kunoza uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe mu gihe kizaza.
Uburyo bwo gukora
1. Sukura aho igikorwa gikorerwa, urebe niba umuriro w'amashanyarazi, ibikoresho byo gupimisha n'ibikoresho bitandukanye ari ibisanzwe, kandi niba isoko y'amazi ari nziza.
2. Abakora bagomba kwambara ibikoresho byiza byo kurinda abakozi, bitabaye ibyo byaba ari akaga.
3, fungura switch y'ingufu zo kugenzura zikoreshwa mu buryo bwose, hakurikijwe ibisabwa mu bya tekiniki by'ibice by'ibikoresho byashyizwe mu byiciro by'ubushyuhe n'izamuka, kugira ngo wongere igihe cyo kubaho cy'ibikoresho n'ibikoresho.
4, kwita ku bushyuhe bw'itanura rikoreshwa mu gutunganya ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko w'umukandara w'urushundura, bishobora kumenya neza ibipimo by'ubushyuhe bikenerwa ku bikoresho bitandukanye, kwemeza ubukana bw'ikintu gikorerwamo n'ubuso bugororotse n'urwego rwa ogisijeni, no gukora akazi keza k'umutekano.
5. Kugira ngo wite ku bushyuhe bw'itanura rishyushya n'umuvuduko w'umukandara w'urushundura, fungura umwuka usohora umwuka, kugira ngo igikoresho cyo gukora nyuma yo gushyushya gihuze n'ibisabwa mu bwiza.
6, mu kazi hagomba kuguma ku mwanya.
7, gushyiraho igikoresho gikenewe cyo kuzimya umuriro, no kumenya uburyo bwo gukoresha no kubungabunga.
8. Iyo duhagaritse imashini, tugomba kugenzura ko swichi zose zo kugenzura ziri mu gihe cyo kuzimya, hanyuma tugafunga swichi yo kohereza amakuru yose.
Gushyuha cyane
Kuva ku kanwa k’umunwa kari mu buryo bukabije, ibice by’icyuma bishobora kugaragara nyuma yo kuzimya imiterere y’icyuma. Ariko kugira ngo hamenyekane urwego nyarwo rwo kuzimya imiterere y’icyuma, hagomba kwitabwaho imiterere y’icyuma. Niba mu ruganda rwa GCr15 rukora ibyuma bisa nka martensite y’icyuma, ni uguzimya imiterere y’icyuma. Impamvu yo kurema ubushyuhe bwo kuzimya ishobora kuba iri hejuru cyane cyangwa gushyuha kandi igihe cyo kuyifata kikaba kirekire cyane bitewe n’uburyo bwose bwo kuzimya imiterere y’icyuma; bishobora kandi guterwa n’imiterere y’umwimerere ya carbide ikomeye, mu gace ka karuboni nke hagati y’imirongo ibiri kugira ngo habeho urushinge rwa martensite rufite ubunini, bigatuma habaho gushyuha cyane. Austenite isigaye mu ruganda rushyushye cyane iriyongera, kandi imiterere y’ibipimo iragabanuka. Bitewe no gushyuha cyane mu ruganda rukora ibyuma, kristu y’icyuma iba ikomeye, bizatuma ubukomere bw’ibice bigabanuka, kandi ubuzima bw’icyuma nabwo buragabanuka. Gushyuha cyane bishobora no gutuma ibice bicika.
Gushyushya munsi y'ubutaka
Ubushyuhe bwo kuzimya ni buke cyangwa ubukonje buke butanga umusaruro urenze uwo Torrhenite isanzwe ikoresha mu miterere mito, uzwi nka organisation yo gushyushya munsi y’ubutaka, ituma ubukana bugabanuka, ubushobozi bwo kwangirika bukagabanuka cyane, bigira ingaruka ku buzima bw’ibice by’icyuma gifunga.
Kuzimya imiyoboro
Ibice by'icyuma bitanga ibyuma mu gihe cyo kuzimya no gukonjesha bitewe n'imivurungano y'imbere yakozwe n'imivurungano yitwa kuzimya imivurungano. Impamvu z'iyo mivurungano ni izi: bitewe no kuzimya ubushyuhe bukabije cyangwa gukonjesha ni vuba cyane, umuvurungano w'ubushyuhe n'impinduka z'ingano y'icyuma mu miterere y'umuvurungano ni byinshi kuruta imbaraga z'icyuma zacitse; ubuso bw'inenge z'ibanze (nk'imivurungano y'ubuso cyangwa imikurire) cyangwa inenge z'imbere mu cyuma (nk'ibisigazwa, ibintu bikomeye bitari iby'icyuma, utudomo tw'umweru, ibisigazwa bigabanuka, nibindi) mu kuzimya ikorwa ry'umuvurungano w'umuvurungano; gusibangana gukomeye kw'ubuso no gutandukanya Carbide; ibice bizimya nyuma yo kuzimya umuvurungano udahagije cyangwa utageze ku gihe; umuvurungano w'ubukonje uterwa n'igikorwa cyabanje ni munini cyane, gupfundika, gukata cyane, imiyoboro y'amavuta impande ziciritse n'ibindi. Muri make, impamvu yo kuzimya imivurungano ishobora kuba imwe cyangwa nyinshi mu mpamvu zavuzwe haruguru, kuba hari umuvurungano w'imbere ni yo mpamvu nyamukuru yo kurema imivurungano. Imivurungano yo kuzimya imivurungano ni miremire kandi nto, ifite imivurungano igororotse kandi nta ibara ry'umuvurungano ku buso bwacitse. Akenshi ni uruvange rurerure cyangwa uruvange rumeze nk'uruziga ku ijosi ry'umuringoti; imiterere y'umupira w'icyuma umeze nk'ishusho ya S, imeze nk'ishusho ya T cyangwa imeze nk'uruziga. Imiterere y'imitako yo kuzimya uruvange ntabwo ari ikintu cyo gukuraho karubone ku mpande zombi z'uruvange, gitandukanye neza n'imvange n'imvange z'ibikoresho.
Guhindura uburyo bwo kuvura ubushyuhe
Ibice by'ubushyuhe bya NACHI, hari ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko w'imikorere, iyi mihangayiko y'imbere ishobora gushyirwa ku yindi cyangwa igashyirwa ku yindi, ni ingenzi kandi irahinduka, kuko ishobora guhinduka bitewe n'ubushyuhe bw'ubushyuhe, umuvuduko w'ubushyuhe, uburyo bwo gukonjesha, umuvuduko w'ubukonje, imiterere n'ingano y'ibice, bityo guhinduka kw'ubushyuhe ntibishobora kwirindwa. Menya kandi umenye neza amategeko ashobora gutuma guhinduka kw'ibice by'ubushyuhe (nk'urudodo rw'umugozi, ingano, nibindi) bishyirwa mu buryo bugenzurwa, bufasha mu gukora. Birumvikana ko mu gihe cyo gutunganya ubushyuhe, gukubitana kwa mashini nabyo bizatuma ibice bihinduka, ariko uku guhinduka gushobora gukoreshwa mu kunoza imikorere kugira ngo bigabanye kandi birinde.
Gukuraho karubone hejuru
Ibikoresho byo kuzunguruka bifite ibice mu gikorwa cyo gutunganya ubushyuhe, iyo bishyushye mu buryo bwo gukaraba, ubuso buzahinduka ogisijeni ku buryo igice cy'ubuso bw'ibice bya karuboni gigabanuka, bigatuma ubuso buhinduka ogisijeni. Ubujyakuzimu bw'urwego rwo gukaraba hejuru y'ingano y'ubuso bushobora gukurwaho bizatuma ibice bikurwaho. Kumenya uburebure bw'urwego rwo gukaraba hejuru mu isuzuma rya metallographic ry'uburyo bwa metallographic buhari n'uburyo bwo gukaraba. Ingano y'ubukana bw'ubuso ishingiye ku buryo bwo gupima, kandi ishobora gukoreshwa nk'igipimo cy'ubukemurampaka.
Ahantu horoshye
Bitewe no kudashyuha bihagije, gukonjesha nabi, kuzimya bitewe no gukomera nabi kw'ibice by'imizingo ntibihagije, bizwi nka kuzimya ahantu horoshye. Ni nk'aho gukuraho karubone mu buso bishobora gutuma ubushobozi bwo kwangirika kw'ubuso bugabanuka cyane ndetse n'imbaraga zo kunanirwa.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza-05-2023