Ibisobanuro ku bicuruzwa
Imiyoboro y'ibyuma bya spiral, izwi kandi nka helical submerged arc-welded (HSAW), ni ubwoko bwumuyoboro wibyuma urangwa nuburyo bwihariye bwo gukora nibikorwa byubaka.Iyi miyoboro ikoreshwa cyane mu nganda zitandukanye bitewe n'imbaraga zayo, igihe kirekire, hamwe no guhuza n'imiterere.Dore ibisobanuro birambuye byimiyoboro yicyuma:
Uburyo bwo gukora:Imiyoboro y'icyuma izunguruka ikorwa muburyo budasanzwe burimo gukoresha agapira k'icyuma.Igice nticyakuweho kandi gikozwe muburyo buzengurutse, hanyuma gisudira ukoresheje tekinike ya arc welding (SAW).Iyi nzira itanga ibisubizo bikomeza, bihagaritse uburebure bwa pipe.
Igishushanyo mbonera:Ikirangantego cyibikoresho byicyuma gitanga imbaraga zidasanzwe, bigatuma bikwiranye no guhangana nimizigo myinshi hamwe nigitutu.Igishushanyo cyerekana gukwirakwiza impagarara kandi kongerera ubushobozi umuyoboro wo kurwanya kunama no guhinduka.
Ingano Ingano:Imiyoboro y'icyuma izenguruka mu ntera nini ya diametre (kugeza kuri 120 Inch) n'ubugari, bigatuma habaho guhinduka mubikorwa bitandukanye.Mubisanzwe biboneka mubipimo binini ugereranije nubundi bwoko bwimiyoboro.
Porogaramu:Imiyoboro y'icyuma ikoreshwa mu nganda zitandukanye nka peteroli na gaze, gutanga amazi, ubwubatsi, ubuhinzi, no guteza imbere ibikorwa remezo.Birakwiriye byombi hejuru-y'ubutaka no munsi y'ubutaka.
Kurwanya ruswa:Kugirango uzamure kuramba, imiyoboro yicyuma ikunze kuvurwa irwanya ruswa.Ibi bishobora kubamo impuzu zo munda n’imbere, nka epoxy, polyethylene, na zinc, zirinda imiyoboro ibintu bidukikije ndetse n’ibintu byangiza.
Ibyiza:Imiyoboro ya spiral itanga ibyiza byinshi, harimo ubushobozi bwo gutwara ibintu byinshi, gukoresha neza imiyoboro minini ya diameter, koroshya kwishyiriraho, no kurwanya ihinduka.Igishushanyo mbonera cyabo nacyo gifasha mumazi meza.
BirebireVSSpiral:Imiyoboro y'icyuma ya spiral iratandukanye nu miyoboro isudira kuva kera.Mugihe imiyoboro miremire ikorwa kandi ikazunguruka mu burebure bw'umuyoboro, imiyoboro izenguruka ifite icyerekezo gihamye cyakozwe mugihe cyo gukora.
Kugenzura ubuziranenge:Gukora no kugenzura ubuziranenge nibyingenzi mugukora ibyuma byizerwa byizunguruka.Ibipimo byo gusudira, imiyoboro ya geometrie, nuburyo bwo gupima bikurikiranwa neza kugirango hubahirizwe ibipimo nganda nibisobanuro.
Ibipimo n'ibisobanuro:Imiyoboro ya spiral ikorwa ikurikije amahame mpuzamahanga n’inganda nka API 5L, ASTM, EN, nizindi.Ibipimo bisobanura ibintu bifatika, uburyo bwo gukora, nibisabwa byo kugerageza.
Muri make, imiyoboro y'icyuma ni igisubizo gihindagurika kandi kirambye ku nganda zitandukanye.Ibikorwa byabo bidasanzwe byo gukora, imbaraga zidasanzwe, no kuboneka mubunini butandukanye bigira uruhare mugukoresha kwinshi mubikorwa remezo, ubwikorezi, ingufu, kubaka ibyambu nibindi.Guhitamo neza, kugenzura ubuziranenge, hamwe ningamba zo gukingira ruswa bigira uruhare runini mugukora neza igihe kirekire cyimiyoboro yicyuma.
Ibisobanuro
API 5L: GR.B, X42, X46, X52, X56, X60, X65, X70, X80 |
ASTM A252: GR.1, GR.2, GR.3 |
EN 10219-1: S235JRH, S275J0H, S275J2H, S355J0H, S355J2H, S355K2H |
EN10210: S235JRH, S275J0H, S275J2H, S355J0H, S355J2H, S355K2H |
ASTM A53 / A53M: GR.A, GR.B. |
EN 10217: P195TR1, P195TR2, P235TR1, P235TR2, P265TR1, P265TR2 |
DIN 2458: St37.0, St44.0, St52.0 |
AS / NZS 1163: Icyiciro C250, Icyiciro C350, Icyiciro C450 |
GB / T 9711: L175, L210, L245, L290, L320, L360, L390, L415, L450, L485 |
ASTMA671: CA55 / CB70 / CC65, CB60 / CB65 / CB70 / CC60 / CC70, CD70 / CE55 / CE65 / CF65 / CF70, CF66 / CF71 / CF72 / CF73, CG100 / CH100 / CI100 / CJ100 |
Diameter (mm) | Uburebure bw'urukuta (mm) | |||||||||||||||||||
6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | |
219.1 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||||||||
273 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||||||||
323.9 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||||||
325 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||||||
355.6 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||||||
377 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||||
406.4 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||||
426 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||||
457 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||||
478 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||||
508 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||||
529 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||||
630 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||
711 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||
720 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||
813 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||
820 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||
920 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||
1020 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||
1220 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||
1420 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||
1620 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||
1820 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||||
2020 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||||
2220 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||||
2500 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||
2540 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||
3000 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
Ubworoherane bwa Hanze ya Diameter hamwe nubunini bwurukuta
Bisanzwe | Ubworoherane bwumubiri | Kwihanganira Impera | Ubworoherane bwurukuta | |||
Diameter | Ubworoherane | Diameter | Ubworoherane | |||
GB / T3091 | OD≤48.3mm | ≤ ± 0.5 | OD≤48.3mm | - | ≤ ± 10% | |
48.3 | ≤ ± 1.0% | 48.3 | - | |||
273.1 | ≤ ± 0,75% | 273.1 | -0.8 ~ + 2.4 | |||
OD> 508mm | ≤ ± 1.0% | OD> 508mm | -0.8 ~ + 3.2 | |||
GB / T9711.1 | OD≤48.3mm | -0.79 ~ + 0.41 | - | - | OD≤73 | -12.5% ~ + 20% |
60.3 | ≤ ± 0,75% | OD≤273.1mm | -0.4 ~ + 1.59 | 88.9≤OD≤457 | -12.5% ~ + 15% | |
508 | ≤ ± 1.0% | OD≥323.9 | -0.79 ~ + 2.38 | OD≥508 | -10.0% ~ + 17.5% | |
OD> 941mm | ≤ ± 1.0% | - | - | - | - | |
GB / T9711.2 | 60 | ± 0,75% D ~ ± 3mm | 60 | ± 0.5% D ~ ± 1,6mm | 4mm | ± 12.5% T ~ ± 15.0% T. |
610 | ± 0.5% D ~ ± 4mm | 610 | ± 0.5% D ~ ± 1,6mm | WT≥25mm | -3.00mm ~ + 3.75mm | |
OD> 1430mm | - | OD> 1430mm | - | - | -10.0% ~ + 17.5% | |
SY / T5037 | OD <508mm | ≤ ± 0,75% | OD <508mm | ≤ ± 0,75% | OD <508mm | .5 12.5% |
OD≥508mm | ≤ ± 1.00% | OD≥508mm | ≤ ± 0,50% | OD≥508mm | ≤ ± 10.0% | |
API 5L PSL1 / PSL2 | OD <60.3 | -0.8mm ~ + 0.4mm | OD≤168.3 | -0.4mm ~ + 1,6mm | WT≤5.0 | ≤ ± 0.5 |
60.3≤OD≤168.3 | ≤ ± 0,75% | 168.3 | ≤ ± 1.6mm | 5.0 | ≤ ± 0.1T | |
168.3 | ≤ ± 0,75% | 610 | ≤ ± 1.6mm | T≥15.0 | ≤ ± 1.5 | |
610 | ≤ ± 4.0mm | OD> 1422 | - | - | - | |
OD> 1422 | - | - | - | - | - | |
API 5CT | OD <114.3 | ≤ ± 0,79mm | OD <114.3 | ≤ ± 0,79mm | ≤-12.5% | |
OD≥114.3 | -0.5% ~ 1.0% | OD≥114.3 | -0.5% ~ 1.0% | ≤-12.5% | ||
ASTM A53 | ≤ ± 1.0% | ≤ ± 1.0% | ≤-12.5% | |||
ASTM A252 | ≤ ± 1.0% | ≤ ± 1.0% | ≤-12.5% |
DN mm | NB Inch | OD mm | SCH40S mm | SCH5S mm | SCH10S mm | SCH10 mm | SCH20 mm | SCH40 mm | SCH60 mm | XS / 80S mm | SCH80 mm | SCH100 mm | SCH120 mm | SCH140 mm | SCH160 mm | SCHXXS mm |
6 | 1/8 ” | 10.29 | 1.24 | 1.73 | 2.41 | |||||||||||
8 | 1/4 ” | 13.72 | 1.65 | 2.24 | 3.02 | |||||||||||
10 | 3/8 ” | 17.15 | 1.65 | 2.31 | 3.20 | |||||||||||
15 | 1/2 ” | 21.34 | 2.77 | 1.65 | 2.11 | 2.77 | 3.73 | 3.73 | 4.78 | 7.47 | ||||||
20 | 3/4 ” | 26.67 | 2.87 | 1.65 | 2.11 | 2.87 | 3.91 | 3.91 | 5.56 | 7.82 | ||||||
25 | 1 ” | 33.40 | 3.38 | 1.65 | 2.77 | 3.38 | 4.55 | 4.55 | 6.35 | 9.09 | ||||||
32 | 1/4 ” | 42.16 | 3.56 | 1.65 | 2.77 | 3.56 | 4.85 | 4.85 | 6.35 | 9.70 | ||||||
40 | 1/2 ” | 48.26 | 3.68 | 1.65 | 2.77 | 3.68 | 5.08 | 5.08 | 7.14 | 10.15 | ||||||
50 | 2 ” | 60.33 | 3.91 | 1.65 | 2.77 | 3.91 | 5.54 | 5.54 | 9.74 | 11.07 | ||||||
65 | 2/2 ” | 73.03 | 5.16 | 2.11 | 3.05 | 5.16 | 7.01 | 7.01 | 9.53 | 14.02 | ||||||
80 | 3 ” | 88.90 | 5.49 | 2.11 | 3.05 | 5.49 | 7.62 | 7.62 | 11.13 | 15.24 | ||||||
90 | 3/2 ” | 101.60 | 5.74 | 2.11 | 3.05 | 5.74 | 8.08 | 8.08 | ||||||||
100 | 4 ” | 114.30 | 6.02 | 2.11 | 3.05 | 6.02 | 8.56 | 8.56 | 11.12 | 13.49 | 17.12 | |||||
125 | 5 ” | 141.30 | 6.55 | 2.77 | 3.40 | 6.55 | 9.53 | 9.53 | 12.70 | 15.88 | 19.05 | |||||
150 | 6 ” | 168.27 | 7.11 | 2.77 | 3.40 | 7.11 | 10.97 | 10.97 | 14.27 | 18.26 | 21.95 | |||||
200 | 8 ” | 219.08 | 8.18 | 2.77 | 3.76 | 6.35 | 8.18 | 10.31 | 12.70 | 12.70 | 15.09 | 19.26 | 20.62 | 23.01 | 22.23 | |
250 | 10 ” | 273.05 | 9.27 | 3.40 | 4.19 | 6.35 | 9.27 | 12.70 | 12.70 | 15.09 | 19.26 | 21.44 | 25.40 | 28.58 | 25.40 | |
300 | 12 ” | 323.85 | 9.53 | 3.96 | 4.57 | 6.35 | 10.31 | 14.27 | 12.70 | 17.48 | 21.44 | 25.40 | 28.58 | 33.32 | 25.40 | |
350 | 14 ” | 355.60 | 9.53 | 3.96 | 4.78 | 6.35 | 7.92 | 11.13 | 15.09 | 12.70 | 19.05 | 23.83 | 27.79 | 31.75 | 35.71 | |
400 | 16 ” | 406.40 | 9.53 | 4.19 | 4.78 | 6.35 | 7.92 | 12.70 | 16.66 | 12.70 | 21.44 | 26.19 | 30.96 | 36.53 | 40.49 | |
450 | 18 ” | 457.20 | 9.53 | 4.19 | 4.78 | 6.35 | 7.92 | 14.27 | 19.05 | 12.70 | 23.83 | 29.36 | 34.93 | 39.67 | 45.24 | |
500 | 20 ” | 508.00 | 9.53 | 4.78 | 5.54 | 6.35 | 9.53 | 15.09 | 20.62 | 12.70 | 26.19 | 32.54 | 38.10 | 44.45 | 50.01 | |
550 | 22 ” | 558.80 | 9.53 | 4.78 | 5.54 | 6.35 | 9.53 | 22.23 | 12.70 | 28.58 | 34.93 | 41.28 | 47.63 | 53.98 | ||
600 | 24 ” | 609.60 | 9.53 | 5.54 | 6.35 | 6.35 | 9.53 | 17.48 | 24.61 | 12.70 | 30.96 | 38.89 | 46.02 | 52.37 | 59.54 | |
650 | 26 ” | 660.40 | 9.53 | 7.92 | 12.70 | 12.70 | ||||||||||
700 | 28 ” | 711.20 | 9.53 | 7.92 | 12.70 | 12.70 | ||||||||||
750 | 30 ” | 762.00 | 9.53 | 6.35 | 7.92 | 7.92 | 12.70 | 12.70 | ||||||||
800 | 32 ” | 812.80 | 9.53 | 7.92 | 12.70 | 17.48 | 12.70 | |||||||||
850 | 34 ” | 863.60 | 9.53 | 7.92 | 12.70 | 17.48 | 12.70 | |||||||||
900 | 36 ” | 914.40 | 9.53 | 7.92 | 12.70 | 19.05 | 12.70 | |||||||||
DN 1000mm no hejuru ya Diameter umuyoboro wuburebure Ntarengwa 25mm |
Igipimo & Urwego
Bisanzwe | Ibyiciro by'icyuma |
API 5L: Ibisobanuro kumuyoboro | GR.B, X42, X46, X52, X56, X60, X65, X70, X80 |
ASTM A252: Ibisobanuro bisanzwe kubirundo byo gusudira no kudoda | GR.1, GR.2, GR.3 |
KUMWE | S235JRH, S275J0H, S275J2H, S355J0H, S355J2H, S355K2H |
EN10210: Ibishyushye Byarangiye Byubatswe Byuzuye Ibice bitarimo amavuta kandi meza | S235JRH, S275J0H, S275J2H, S355J0H, S355J2H, S355K2H |
ASTM A53 / A53M: Umuyoboro, Icyuma, Umukara na Bishyushye-Bishyushye, Zinc-Coated, Welded and Seamless | GR.A, GR.B. |
EN 10217: Imiyoboro y'icyuma isudira kugirango intego zumuvuduko | P195TR1, P195TR2, P235TR1, P235TR2, P265TR1, P265TR2 |
DIN 2458: Imiyoboro y'icyuma isudira | St37.0, St44.0, St52.0 |
AS / NZS 1163: Australiya / Nouvelle-Zélande Ibipimo byubukonje bwubatswe bwubatswe bwubatswe | Icyiciro C250, Icyiciro C350, Icyiciro C450 |
GB / T 9711: Ibikomoka kuri peteroli na gaze gasanzwe - Umuyoboro wibyuma | L175, L210, L245, L290, L320, L360, L390, L415, L450, L485 |
AWWA C200: Umuyoboro w'amazi w'icyuma Inch 6 (150 mm) na Kinini | Ibyuma bya Carbone |
Uburyo bwo gukora
Kugenzura ubuziranenge
Kugenzura ibikoresho bibisi
Analy Isesengura ryimiti
Test Ikizamini cya mashini
Ins Kugenzura Amashusho
Check Kugenzura ibipimo
Ikizamini
Test Ikizamini
Test Ikizamini cya ruswa
Ikizamini kidasenya (UT, MT, PT)
Qual Impamyabumenyi yo gusudira
Analysis Isesengura rya Microstructure
Ikizamini cyo gutwika no gusya
Test Ikizamini gikomeye
Test Kwipimisha
Test Kwipimisha Metallography
Testing Kwipimisha ruswa
● Eddy Ikizamini
Kugenzura amarangi no gutwikira
Review Isubiramo ry'inyandiko
Ikoreshwa & Porogaramu
Imiyoboro y'icyuma ya spiral irahuzagurika kandi ikoreshwa cyane mubikorwa bitandukanye kubera imiterere yihariye nibyiza.Byakozwe muburyo bwo gusudira ibyuma hamwe kugirango bikore umuyoboro ufite icyerekezo gikomeza.Hano haribisanzwe bikoreshwa mubyuma bya spiral:
Transport Ubwikorezi bwamazi: Iyi miyoboro yimura neza amazi, amavuta, na gaze kure cyane mumiyoboro bitewe nubwubatsi bwayo butagira imbaraga nimbaraga nyinshi.
● Amavuta na gazi: Ni ingenzi cyane mu nganda za peteroli na gaze, zitwara peteroli, gaze gasanzwe, nibicuruzwa bitunganijwe, bitanga ubushakashatsi no kubikwirakwiza.
● Guteranya: Ibirundo by'ifatizo mu mishinga y'ubwubatsi bishyigikira imitwaro iremereye mu nyubako nk'ikiraro.
Use Gukoresha Imiterere: Akoreshwa muburyo bwo kubaka, inkingi, hamwe ninkunga, kuramba kwayo bigira uruhare muburyo butajegajega.
Culverts na Drainage: Ikoreshwa muri sisitemu y'amazi, kurwanya kwangirika kwabo hamwe n'imbere neza birinda gufunga no kongera amazi.
● Mechanical Tubing: Mu nganda n’ubuhinzi, iyi miyoboro itanga ikiguzi-cyiza, igisubizo gikomeye kubigize.
● Marine na Offshore: Kubidukikije bikaze, bikoreshwa mumiyoboro y'amazi, urubuga rwo hanze, no kubaka jetty.
● Ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro: Batanga ibikoresho no gutombora basaba ibikorwa by'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro kubera ubwubatsi bwabo bukomeye.
Supply Gutanga Amazi: Nibyiza kumiyoboro minini ya diameter muri sisitemu y'amazi, gutwara neza amazi menshi.
Systems Sisitemu ya Geothermal: Ikoreshwa mu mishinga y’ingufu za geothermal, ikora ihererekanyabubasha ry’amazi adashyuha hagati y’ibigega n’amashanyarazi.
Imiterere itandukanye yimiyoboro yicyuma, ifatanije nimbaraga zayo, kuramba, no guhuza n'imihindagurikire, bituma iba ikintu cyingenzi mubikorwa bitandukanye byinganda nibikorwa.
Gupakira & Kohereza
Gupakira:
Igikorwa cyo gupakira imiyoboro yicyuma kirimo intambwe nyinshi zingenzi kugirango imiyoboro irindwe bihagije mugihe cyo gutwara no kubika:
Guhuza imiyoboro: Imiyoboro y'ibyuma ikunze guhurizwa hamwe ikoresheje imishumi, ibyuma, cyangwa ubundi buryo bwo gufunga umutekano.Guhambira birinda imiyoboro kugiti cyangwa kwimuka mubipfunyika.
Protection Kurinda imiyoboro ya nyuma: Ibipapuro bya plastiki cyangwa ibipfukisho birinda bishyirwa kumpande zombi zumuyoboro kugirango wirinde kwangirika kwumuyoboro ndetse nubuso bwimbere.
Gukingira amazi: Imiyoboro ipfunyikishijwe ibikoresho bitarimo amazi, nk'amabati ya pulasitike cyangwa bipfunyika, kugira ngo bibarinde ubushuhe mu gihe cyo gutwara, cyane cyane mu kohereza hanze cyangwa mu nyanja.
● Padding: Ibikoresho byongeweho padi, nko gushiramo ifuro cyangwa ibikoresho byo kuryamaho, birashobora kongerwaho hagati yimiyoboro cyangwa ahantu habi kugirango bikureho ihungabana no kunyeganyega.
● Kwandika: Buri bundle yanditseho amakuru yingenzi, harimo imiyoboro ihanitse, ibipimo, ingano, n'aho ujya.Ibi bifasha mukumenya byoroshye no gukemura.
Kohereza:
Kohereza imiyoboro y'icyuma izenguruka bisaba igenamigambi ryitondewe kugirango ubwikorezi butekanye kandi bunoze:
Mode Uburyo bwo gutwara abantu: Guhitamo uburyo bwo gutwara abantu (umuhanda, gari ya moshi, inyanja, cyangwa ikirere) biterwa nibintu nkintera, byihutirwa, hamwe n’aho bigana.
● Ibikoresho: Imiyoboro irashobora gutwarwa mubintu bisanzwe byoherezwa cyangwa ibikoresho byabugenewe.Containerisation irinda imiyoboro ibintu byo hanze kandi itanga ibidukikije bigenzurwa.
Kurinda umutekano: Imiyoboro irinzwe neza muri kontineri hakoreshejwe uburyo bukwiye bwo gufunga, nko gufunga, guhagarika, no gukubita.Ibi birinda kugenda kandi bigabanya ibyago byo kwangirika mugihe cyo gutambuka.
Inyandiko: Inyandiko zuzuye, zirimo inyemezabuguzi, urutonde rwabapakira, hamwe n’ibicuruzwa byoherejwe, byateguwe hagamijwe gukuraho gasutamo no gukurikirana.
Ubwishingizi: Ubwishingizi bw'imizigo buboneka kenshi kugirango hishyurwe igihombo cyangwa ibyangiritse mugihe cyo gutambuka.
Igenzura: Muburyo bwo kohereza, imiyoboro irashobora gukurikiranwa hakoreshejwe GPS hamwe na sisitemu yo gukurikirana kugirango barebe ko bari munzira nziza na gahunda.
Gusiba gasutamo: Inyandiko zikwiye zitangwa kugirango byoroherezwe gasutamo neza ku cyambu cyangwa ku mupaka.
Umwanzuro:
Gupakira neza no kohereza imiyoboro y'ibyuma ni ngombwa kugira ngo imiyoboro ibe nziza kandi yuzuye mu gihe cyo gutwara.Gukurikiza inganda nziza ziremeza neza ko imiyoboro igera aho igeze muburyo bwiza, yiteguye kwishyiriraho cyangwa gutunganya ibindi.